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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

Organization Culture
As we discussed in Chapter 2, an organization’s culture is the
set of values, beliefs, and symbols that help guide behavior. A strong, appropriately
focused organizational culture can be used to support innovative activity. A well-
managed culture can communicate a sense that innovation is valued and will be
rewarded and that occasional failure in the pursuit of new ideas is not only acceptable
but even expected. In addition to reward systems and intrapreneurial activities, firms
such as Apple, Google, LG Electronics, Tata, Amazon, and HP are all known to have
strong, innovation-oriented cultures that value individual creativity, risk taking, and
inventiveness.
32
Intrapreneurship_in_Larger_Organizations'>Intrapreneurship in Larger Organizations
In recent years, many large businesses
have realized that the entrepreneurial spirit that propelled their growth becomes stagnant
after they transform themselves from a small but growing concern into a larger one.
33
To
help revitalize this spirit, some firms today encourage intrapreneurship.
Intrapreneurs
are similar to entrepreneurs except that they develop a new business in the context of a
intrapreneurs
Similar to
entrepreneurs
except that they
develop new
businesses in the
context of a large
organization
Chapter 7:
Organization Change and Innovation
2 1 3
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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large organization. There are three intrapreneurial roles in large organizations.
34
To
successfully use intrapreneurship to encourage creativity and innovation, the organiza-
tion must find one or more individuals to perform these roles.
The
inventor
is the person who actually conceives of and develops the new idea,
product, or service by means of the creative process. Because the inventor may lack the
expertise or motivation to oversee the transformation of the product or service from
an idea into a marketable entity, however, a second role comes into play. A
product
champion
is usually a middle manager who learns about the project and becomes com-
mitted to it. He helps overcome organizational resistance and convinces others to take
the innovation seriously. The product champion may have only limited understanding
of the technological aspects of the innovation. Nevertheless, product champions are
skilled at knowing how the organization works, whose support is needed to push the
project forward, and where to go to secure the resources necessary for successful devel-
opment. A
sponsor
is a top-level manager who approves of and supports a project. This
person may fight for the budget needed to develop an idea, overcome arguments
against a project, and use organizational politics to ensure the project’s survival. With
a sponsor in place, the inventor’s idea has a much better chance of being successfully
developed.
Several firms have embraced intrapreneurship as a way to encourage creativity and
innovation. Colgate-Palmolive has created a separate unit, Colgate Venture Company,
staffed with intrapreneurs who develop new products. General Foods developed
Culinova as a unit to which employees can take their ideas for possible development.
S.C. Johnson & Son established a $250,000 fund to support new-product ideas, and
Texas Instruments refuses to approve an innovative project unless it has an acknowledged
inventor, champion, and sponsor.
B
ernhard
C
lassen/Alam
y
Amazon.com is known for its innovative business practices. The firm’s culture helps promote
individual creativity, risk taking, and inventiveness. This Amazon.com distribution center, for
example, was developed using new methods devised by Amazon employees.

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