across all of the product groups. For example, a wedding expert might contribute to an
article on wedding planning for a
Martha Stewart Living
magazine, contribute a story
idea for a cable TV program, and supply content for a Martha Stewart website. This
same individual might also help select fabrics suitable for wedding gowns for
retailing.
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The matrix form of organization design is most often used in one of three situa-
tions.
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First, a matrix may work when there is strong pressure from the environment.
For example, intense external competition may dictate the sort of strong marketing
thrust that is best spearheaded by a functional department, but the diversity of a
company’s products may argue for product departments. Second, a matrix may be
appropriate when large amounts of information need to be processed. For example,
creating lateral relationships by means of a matrix is one effective way to increase the
organization’s capacity for processing information. Third, the matrix design may work
when there is pressure for shared resources. For example, a company with ten product
departments may have resources for only three marketing specialists. A matrix design
would allow all the departments to share the company’s scarce marketing resources.
Both advantages and disadvantages are associated with the matrix design. Researchers
have observed six primary advantages of matrix designs. First, they enhance flexibility
because teams can be created, redefined, and dissolved as needed. Second, because they
assume a major role in decision making, team members are likely to be highly motivated
and committed to the organization. Third, employees in a matrix organization have con-
siderable opportunity to learn new skills. Fourth, the matrix design provides an efficient
way for the organization to take full advantage of its human resources. Fifth, team
members retain membership in their functional unit so that they can serve as a bridge
between the functional unit and the team, enhancing cooperation. Sixth, the matrix
design gives top management a useful vehicle for decentralization. Once the day-to-day
operations have been delegated, top management can devote more attention to areas
such as long-range planning.
On the other hand, the matrix design also has some major disadvantages. Employees
may be uncertain about reporting relationships, especially if they are simultaneously
assigned to a functional manager and to several project managers. To complicate mat-
ters, some managers see the matrix as a form of anarchy in which they have unlimited
freedom. Another set of problems is associated with the dynamics of group behavior.
Groups take longer than individuals to make decisions, may be dominated by one indi-
vidual, and may compromise too much. They may also get bogged down in discussion
and not focus on their primary objectives. Finally, in a matrix, more time may also be
required for coordinating task-related activities.
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