25
K. L. Stimpert and Irene M. Duhaime, “Seeing the Big Picture:
The Influence of Industry, Diversification, and Business Strategy
on Performance,”
Academy of Management Journal
, 1997,
Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 560–583.
26
See Chandler,
Strategy and Structure
; and Yakov Amihud and Baruch
Lev, “Risk Reduction as a Managerial Motive for Conglomerate
Mergers,”
Bell Journal of Economics
, 1981, pp. 605–617.
27
Chandler,
Strategy and Structure
; and Williamson,
Markets and
Hierarchies.
28
For a discussion of the limitations of unrelated diversification,
see Jay Barney and William G. Ouchi,
Organizational Economics
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1986).
29
See Barry Hedley, “A Fundamental Approach to Strategy Develop-
ment,”
Long Range Planning
, December 1976, pp. 2–11; and Bruce
Henderson, “The Experience Curve-Reviewed: IV. The Growth Share
Matrix of the Product Portfolio,”
Perspectives
, 1973, No. 135, pp. 1–18.
30
Michael G. Allen, “Diagramming G.E.’s Planning for What’s
WATT,” in Robert J. Allio and Malcolm W. Pennington (eds.),
Corporate Planning: Techniques and Applications
(New York:
AMACOM, 1979). Limits of this approach are discussed in R. A.
Bettis and W. K. Hall, “The Business Portfolio Approach: Where
It Falls Down in Practice,”
Long Range Planning
, March 1983,
pp. 95–105.
31
“Unilever to Sell Specialty-Chemical Unit to ICI of the U.K. for
About $8 Billion,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 7, 1997, pp. A3, A12;
and “For Unilever, It’s Sweetness and Light,”
Wall Street Journal
,
April 13, 2000, pp. B1, B4.
32
“Unprofitable Businesses Getting Axed More Often,”
Wall Street
Journal
, February 17, 2009, pp. B1, B2.
33
James Brian Quinn, Henry Mintzberg, and Robert M. James,
The
Strategy Process
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988).
34
Vasudevan Ramanujam and N. Venkatraman, “Planning System
Characteristics and Planning Effectiveness,”
Strategic Manage-
ment Journal
, 1987, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 453–468.
35
“Coca-Cola May Need to Slash Its Growth Targets,”
Wall Street
Journal
, January 28, 2000, p. B2. See also “Pepsi and Coke Roll
Out Flavors to Boost Sales,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 7, 2002,
pp. B1, B4.
36
“Finally, Coke Gets It Right,”
BusinessWeek
, February 10, 2003, p. 47.
37
“Marriage at 30,000 Feet,”
Bloomberg BusinessWeek
, February
6–12, 2012, pp. 58–64.
38
K. A. Froot, D. S. Scharfstein, and J. C. Stein, “A Framework for
Risk Management,”
Harvard Business Review
, November–
December 1994, pp. 91–102.
39
“How the Fixers Fended Off Big Disasters,”
Wall Street Journal
,
December 23, 1999, pp. B1, B4.
40
“At Wal-Mart, Emergence Plan Has Big Payoff,”
Wall Street
Journal
, September 12, 2005, pp. B1, B3.
41
“Next Time,”
USA Today
, October 4, 2005, pp. 1B, 2B. See also
Judith A. Clair and Ronald L. Dufresne, “How Companies Can
Experience Positive Transformation from a Crisis,”
Organiza-
tional Dynamics
, 2007, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 63–77.
42
“Lacking Parts, G. M. Will Close Plant,”
New York Times
, March
17, 2011.
43
Michael Watkins and Max Bazerman, “Predictable Surprises: The
Disasters You Should Have Seen Coming,”
Harvard Business
Review
, March 2003, pp. 72–81.
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