Determinants of Organizational Culture
Where does an organization’s culture come from? Typically, it develops and blossoms
over a long period of time. Its starting point is often the organization’s founder. For
example, James Cash Penney believed in treating employees and customers with respect
and dignity. Employees at J. C. Penney are still called
associates
rather than
employees
(to reflect partnership), and customer satisfaction is of paramount importance. The
impact of Sam Walton, Ross Perot, and Walt Disney is still felt in the organizations
they founded.
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As an organization grows, its culture is modified, shaped, and refined
by symbols, stories, heroes, slogans, and ceremonies. Many decisions at Walt Disney
Company today are still framed by asking, “What would Walt have done?”
Corporate success and shared experiences also shape culture. For example, Hallmark
Cards has a strong culture derived from its years of success in the greeting card industry.
Employees speak of “the Hallmark family” and care deeply about the company; many
have worked there for years. At Kmart, in contrast, the culture is quite weak, the
management team changes rapidly, and few people sense any direction or purpose in
the company. The differences in culture at Hallmark and Kmart are in part attributable
to past successes and shared experiences.
Managing Organizational Culture
How can managers deal with culture, given its clear importance but intangible nature?
Essentially, the manager must understand the current culture and then decide whether
it should be maintained or changed. By understanding the organization’s current culture,
managers can take appropriate actions. Culture can also be maintained by rewarding
and promoting people whose behaviors are consistent with the existing culture and by
articulating the culture through slogans, ceremonies, and so forth.
Managers must walk a fine line, however, between maintaining a culture that still
works effectively and changing a culture that has become dysfunctional. For example,
many of the firms already noted, as well as numerous others, take pride in perpetuating
their culture. Shell Oil, for example, has an elaborate display in the lobby of its Houston
headquarters that tells the story of the firm’s past. But other companies may face situa-
tions in which their culture is no longer a strength. For example, some critics feel that
General Motors’ culture places too much emphasis on product development and internal
competition among divisions, and not enough on marketing and competition with other
firms. They even argue that this culture was a major contributing factor in the business
crisis that GM faced in 2009.
Culture problems sometimes arise from mergers or the growth of rival factions within
an organization. For example, Delta recently merged with Northwest Airlines. Combin-
ing the two companies led to numerous cases of conflict and operational difficulties
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