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Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….,,,2
Chapter I Native American Renaissance, its beginning and main representatives of the period.
1.1. The history of “Native American Renaissance”………………………………6
1.2. The major writers of the Native American Renaissance and their works……11
Chapter II Leslie Marmon Silko’s as one of the best authors of the Native American Renaissance, her life and career. The racial conflicts in her novel “Almanac of the Dead”.
2.1. Leslie Marmon Silko is among the best writers of the Native American writers, her life and career………………………………………………………...19
2.2. “Almanac of the Dead” by L. M. Silko as a novel describing racial conflicts in it…………………………………………………………………………………...25
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..35
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………...36
Introduction
“We will achieve our high goals for sure!”
I.A.Karimov
“Our main challenge is to provide everything our people need, and most importantly to make sure that the future generation lives better than we do, and is smarter and happier than we are. From this perspective, we try to use public campaigns, education and healthcare to ensure that population growth corresponds to economic growth. Our children should enjoy the same standards of living as children in the most developed countries. I have deviated somewhat, but this issue has a direct bearing on our bilateral personal relations,” one of the speeches of our President was like this. Our dear President I. A. Karimov always tries to develop our children’s scientific and creative potential. Furthermore, the aspects of affordable health care, education, a safe environment, a better future for our children. To prove his words, I would like to say that today in every parts of Uzbekistan we have children's sport funds, which is headed by President I.A. Karimov. The generation that has been entering life with great hopes and confidence in the future, with independent thinking and mind-set, and which commands modern knowledge and is capable of assuming the responsibility for the future of the Motherland, we would like to say it once again that we have never been inferior to anyone in anything and we never are going to be so!
In this course paper we are going to study the Native American Renaissance and the authors of the period. Basically, we are going to learn about Leslie Marmon Silko’s life and career, and will analyse her novel “Almanac of the Dead” for the racial conflicts described in the masterpiece.
According to the website “Wikipedia.org” we can learn the following data about the topic: “The Native American Renaissance is a term originally coined by critic Kenneth Lincoln in the 1983 book Native American Renaissance to categorise the significant increase in production of literary works by Native Americans in the United States in the late 1960s and onwards. A. Robert Lee and Alan Velie note that the book's title "quickly gained currency as a term to describe the efflorescence on literary works that followed the publication of N. Scott Momaday's House Made of Dawn in 1968". Momaday's novel garnered critical acclaim, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1969. Prior to the publication of House Made of Dawn, few Native American authors had published works of fiction that reached wide readership. Writers such as William Apess, John Rollin Ridge and Simon Pokagon published works to little fanfare in the nineteenth century. Prior to the onset of WWII, Mourning Dove, John Milton Oskison, John Joseph Mathews, Zitkala-Sa, Charles Eastman and D'Arcy McNickle published literary works, although these works were relatively few in number. In the work Native American Literatures: An Introduction, author Suzanne Lundquist suggests the Native American Renaissance has three elements:
Reclamation of heritage through literary expression; Discovery and reevaluation of early texts by Native American authors; and Renewed interest in customary tribal artistic expression (i.e. mythology, ceremonialism, ritual, and the oral tradition of narrative transmission). Lincoln points out that in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a generation of Native Americans were coming of age who were the first of their respective tribal communities to receive a substantial English-language education, particularly outside Indian boarding schools, and with more graduating from colleges and universities. Conditions for Native people, while still very harsh during this period, had moved beyond the survival conditions of the early half of the century. A period of historical revisionism was underway, as historians were more willing to look at difficulties in the history of the invasion and colonization of the North American continent. As they explored the colonial and "Wild West" eras, some historians were more careful to represent events from the Native American perspective. This work inspired public interest in Native cultures and within Native American communities themselves; it was also a period of activism within Native American communities to achieve greater sovereignty and civil rights. The ferment also inspired a group of young Native American writers, who emerged in the fields of poetry and novel-writing. In the span of a few years, these writers worked to expand the Native American literary canon. By the 1980s, the rapid increase in materials and the development of Native American Studies departments and programs at several universities, such as the University of California, Los Angeles; Dartmouth College, and Eastern Washington University, led to the founding of scholarly journals, such as SAIL (Studies in American Indian Literature) and Wíčazo Ša Review (1985). With the heightened interest in Native American writing, publishers established specialized imprints, such as Harper and Row's Native American Publishing Programme, which had the goal of promoting new voices and publication opportunities. Although the primary use of the term has been literary, it has been used in a wider sense to describe "an increasing prosperity and sense of achievement among Indians [...] a widespread economic and cultural rebirth." For example, Joan Nagel applies the term to the totality of "the resurgence of American Indian ethnic identification and the renascence of tribal cultures during the 1970s and 1980s." ”
The aim of this paper is to analyze L. M. Silko’s contribution to the American literature, her novel “Almanac of the Dead” and to describe “racial conflicts” through analysis of it. The following tasks are put in this work:
1. To introduce the reader Leslie Marmon Silko’s position in American Literature and his contribution to it;
2. To give brief information about author’s life and his works;
3. To analyze the novel “Almanac of the Dead” (symbols, motifs, characters, events etc.);
4. To show the “racial conflicts” in the novel raised within the novel.
The subject of the work is the novel “Almanac of the Dead” by L. M. Silko.
The object of the work is to find racial conflict in the novel “Almanac of the Dead”. We will analyze the plot of the story, the motifs, symbols, characters, and symbols.
The method of this course paper is analytical.
The theoretical value of this work is that analysis can be used in further researches in this field.
The practical value of the work is that it can be used both in seminars as well as during lectures.
The structure of the paper is standard. It contains introduction, two chapters, conclusion and the list of used literature.
The introduction part of the course paper is aimed to reveal general information about the Native American Renaissance.
- The first chapter introduces the Native American Renaissance and former authors of this period.
- The second chapter is devoted to L. M. Silko’s lifetime, career, and to the analysis of the novel “Almanac of the Dead”.
The conclusion summarizes all the analysis which has been made in the body part of the paper. Furthermore, there is some information about what we have done, and what we have learnt.
List of used literature is available at the end of the course paper.
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