Content introduction history of modern linguistics

Glossary
1. Applied linguistics - he application of insights from theoretical linguistics to practical matters such as language teaching, remedial linguistic therapy, language planning or whatever.
2. arbitrariness - an essential notion in structural linguistics which denies any necessary relationship between linguistic signs and their referents, e.g. objects in the outside world.
3. Areas of linguistics - any of a number of areas of study in which linguistic insights have been brought to bear, for instance sociolinguistics in which scholars study society and the way language is used in it.
4. context - a term referring to the environment in which an element (sound, word, phrase) occurs. The context may determine what elements may be present, in which case one says that there are 'co-occurrence restrictions'
5. diachronic - refers to language viewed over time and contrasts with synchronic which refers to a point in time. This is one of the major structural distinctions introduced by Saussure and which is used to characterise types of linguistic investigation.
6. extralinguistic - any phenomenon which lies outside of language. An extralinguistic reason for a linguistic feature would be one which is not to be found in the language itself.
7. language - a system which consists of a set of symbols (sentences) — realised phonetically by sounds — which are used in a regular order to convey a certain meaning
8. linguistics - the study of language. As a scientific discipline built on objective principles, linguistics did not develop until the beginning of the 19th century.
9. metalanguage - the language which is used to discuss language; see also object language.
10. theoretical linguistics - the study of the structure of language without any concern for practical applications which might arise from one's work.


References

1. 
   Akmajian, Adrian; Demers, Richard; Farmer, Ann; Harnish, Robert (2010). Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51370-8.
   
2. 
   Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie, eds. (2000). The handbook of linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
   
3. 
   Bloomfield, Leonard (1983) [1914]. An Introduction to the Study of Language: New edition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-8047-3.
   
4. 
   Chomsky, Noam (1998). On Language. The New Press, New York. ISBN 978-1-56584-475-9.
   
5. 
   Derrida, Jacques (1967). Of Grammatology. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5830-7.
   
6. 
   Hall, Christopher (2005). An Introduction to Language and Linguistics: Breaking the Language Spell. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8264-8734-6.
   
7. 
   Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966017-9.
   
8. 
   Lippi-Green, Rosina (2012). English with an accent: Language, ideology and discrimination in the United States. Routledge.
   
9. 
   Pinker, Steven (1994). The Language Instinct. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0-14-017529-5.
   
10. 
    Selbach, Rachel (2008). "The superstrate is not always the lexifier: Lingua Franca in the Barbary Coast 1530—1830". In Michaelis, Susanne (ed.). Roots of creole structures: Weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates. Creole Language Library. Vol. 33.
    
11. 
    V.Vernadskiy.E.B., & Apel, K. (2015). "Influence of Morphological Awareness on College Students' Literacy Skills: A path Analytic Approach". Journal of Literacy Research. 47 (3):405–32.
    
12. 
    Zehentner, Eva (2019). Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation. De Gruyter Mouton.
    

1^ Akmajian, Adrian; Demers, Richard; Farmer, Ann; Harnish, Robert (2010). Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51370-8.

2¹ Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie, eds. (2000). The handbook of linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.

3¹ Derrida, Jacques (1967). Of Grammatology. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5830-7.

4¹ Hall, Christopher (2005). An Introduction to Language and Linguistics: Breaking the Language Spell. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8264-8734-6.

5¹ Bloomfield, Leonard (1983) [1914]. An Introduction to the Study of Language: New edition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

6¹ Lippi-Green, Rosina (2012). English with an accent: Language, ideology and discrimination in the United States. Routledge.