Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


B. Criminal confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime (special confiscation)



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

B. Criminal confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime (special confiscation) 
Criminal confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds (special confiscation) is the most common type of 
confiscation in ACN member countries. 
Special confiscation, unlike criminal confiscation as a sanction, is not applied to all property of a convicted 
person, irrespective of the nature of such property, but to specific objects directly relating to committing 
offence – 
instrumentalities and proceeds
of crimes, as well as 
profits
from them. Responsibility of the 
states to take measures for confiscation of such types of objects related to corruption offences and laundering 
is stipulated in almost all specialised international instruments. 
Thus, in accordance with Article 31 of the UN Convention against corruption, each Member State takes 
maximum possible measures to provide confiscation of the 
proceeds 
of offences, recognized to be such in 
accordance with the Convention, or the property, value of which corresponds to the value of such proceeds
as well as 
property, equipment and other assets
used and purposed for use upon mentioned offences. If 
such proceeds of crime have been transformed or converted, partially or fully, into other property, then 
measures to confiscate are to be taken towards such property as well. If such proceeds of crime have been 
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See the Questionnaire on the 'Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption offenses' thematic study, filled out by 
the relevant authorities of Latvia; answer to question No. 30. 


54 
 
intermingled with property acquired from legitimate sources, then the part of property, which corresponds 
to the appraised value of the intermingled proceeds, is subject to confiscation. Such measures for confiscation 
in a similar way and at such very extent as in relation to the proceeds of crime are to be taken towards profits 
and other benefits, which have been received as a result of such proceeds of crime, from the property they 
had been transformed or converted into (paragraphs 1, 4, 5, 6 of Article 31 of the Convention). 
In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Warsaw Convention, the Parties adopt legislative and 
other required measures providing for confiscation of instruments, legalized assets and proceeds of crime or 
the property, value of which corresponds to such proceeds. Rule of similar content is set forth in paragraph 
3 of Article 19 of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption of 1999. 
Article 4 of the Directive 2014/42/EU of the European Parliament and of the EU Council, dated 3 April 
2014, on the freezing and confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime in the European Union 
directly binds member states to take necessary measures for confiscation (fully or partially) of the 
instrumentalities and proceeds or the property, value of which corresponds to the value of such 
instrumentalities or proceeds arising from final conviction for criminal offence, 
in absentia
including. In the 
event such confiscation (arising from conviction) cannot take place, and as a minimum in those events, when 
confiscation cannot be carried out due to illness or escape of a person suspected or accused of a crime
member states are to take necessary measures for confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds in cases, 
under which criminal proceeding related to crime which could result, directly or indirectly, in material benefit 
and could lead to criminal conviction, if the suspected or accused person would be brought before the trial 
court. 
Moreover, Article 6 of the Directive of the EU sets forth such obligation for confiscation of the property of 
third persons, subject to certain conditions. Thus, in accordance with this rule, member states are to take 
necessary measures in order to ensure the possibility of confiscation of the proceeds and other property, 
value of which corresponds to these proceeds, directly or indirectly transferred by the suspect or the accused 
to third persons, or acquired by third persons from the suspects or the accused persons, at least in those 
events, when these third persons were aware or must have been aware that a purpose of such transfer or 
acquisition was evasion from confiscation based on the concrete facts and under the circumstances, such as 
transfer or acquisition without payment or in exchange of an amount, which is considerably lower than the 
market value. 
Among the ACN countries criminal confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime (special 
confiscation) is envisaged to date in such countries as Azerbaijan, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 
Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Croatia, 
Montenegro, Estonia and other countries. 
Thus, in accordance with Article 83 of the Criminal Code of 

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