Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


particular legal persons. For instance, the legislation of



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particular legal persons. For instance, the legislation of 
Romania
makes an exception for the property of 
companies with a public form of ownership (Constitutional requirement) and restricts to apply the special 
confiscation of mass media as the instrumentalities used to commit a crime (Article 112 of the Criminal 
Code). 
Article 72 of the Criminal Code of 
Lithuania
may represent a good example for a comprehensive coverage 
of the third person (natural, legal) property as an object of confiscation measures. In accordance with this 
Article, the property belonging to other natural or legal persons shall be confiscated regardless of whether or 
not those persons are subject to criminal liability, where: 
1) when disposing of the property, they were aware, or ought to have been aware and could have been aware 
that this property will be used for the purpose of commission of the criminal act; 
2) when they have acquired this property from a fictitious agreement; 
3) when they have acquired this property as a family member or close relative; 
4) when they have acquired this property as a legal person, in which the perpetrator, his/her family members 
or close relatives held the positions of director, governing body member or participant holding at least 50% 
of interest (shares and so on); 
5) when acquiring the property, they or persons holding the senior positions in a legal person and possessing 
the right to represent the legal person, make decisions on its behalf, control its obligations, were aware, or 
ought to have been aware and could have been aware that this property had been used as an instrument or 
mean to commit a crime or had been the outcome of a criminal act.


39 
 
H. Third-party rights 
In accordance with paragraph 9 of Article 31 (Freezing, seizure and confiscation) of the UN Convention 
against corruption dated 2003, the provisions of this article shall not be so construed as to prejudice the rights 
of 

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