Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Ireland, Malta, Slovakia, Spain
21
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G. Property of legal persons
Proceeds and property of legal persons are objects of confiscation, in one way or another, in all of the ACN 
countries that filled out the questionnaire. Specifically, for example, in accordance with the Criminal Code 
of 
Azerbaijan
, special confiscation (of instrumentalities used to commit and proceeds derived from 
offences) may be applied with respect to both natural and legal persons (Article 99-1.2). However, legal 
persons, in the context of confiscation of their property, may have a twofold role: 1) as the nominal owners, 
if they are intentionally used as third parties, and 2) if they are the corruption offence subjects themselves, 
whereupon their property may be subjected to confiscation as the liability of legal persons specifically. That 
said, the aforementioned 2014/42/EU Directive, which specifies that the rules on third party confiscation 
should extend to both natural and legal persons, refers to the first case, clearly. Proceeding from Article 99-
5 of the Criminal Code of Azerbaijan, the special confiscation is one of the criminal measures with respect 
to legal persons. 
21
See Disposal of confiscated assets in the EU Member States. Laws and Practices. Centre for the study of democracy. 2014, page 
18.


38 
 
As per Articles 96-3, 96-6 and 96-8 of the Criminal Code of 
Ukraine
, the property of a legal person may be 
subjected to confiscation, if an authorised representative thereof commits a corruption offence (active 
bribery,
undue influence, money laundering) on behalf or in the interest of this legal person. 
Finally, for legal person’s participation in legalisation (laundering) the criminal proceeds or in corruption 
offences, the legislation of 
Kyrgyzstan
entails an administrative fine with confiscation of the items appeared 
as the instrumentalities of commission or immediate objects of such offence (Article 505-22 of the Code of 
Administrative Responsibility of Kyrgyz Republic). At the same time, the definition, provided in paragraph 
2 of Part I of Article 52 of the Criminal Code of Kyrgyzstan, for the object of confiscation measures (the 
property of accused person, which was transferred to another person, if the latter knew or ought to have 
known that it had been acquired through criminal activity) merely allows, in practice, to effectively 
confiscate proceeds and property of corruption offences, which formally belong to natural persons, for 
example, when the property had been registered immediately in the name of such persons and had not been 
under the formal ownership of the accused person.
Nonetheless, intelligently combining these two instruments in the legislation paves the way for a more 
complete coverage of the objects of confiscations measures, and, as the result, to a more efficient anti-
corruption within and outside the territory of a state. 
For example, Article 77 of the Criminal Code of 
Slovenia
envisages that any property gained by a legal 
person through or owing to the committing of a criminal offence shall be confiscated. A property benefit or 
property equivalent to the property benefit shall also be confiscated from legal persons, when the perpetrator 
or recipient have transferred this property to the legal person free of charge or for a sum of money that does 
not correspond to its actual value.
In some countries, there are limitations and restrictions to apply confiscation in respect to the property of 
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