Comparative typology

Comparative typology as a subject matter, typeS, tasks, approaches

Group: 1804

Student: Maxmudova Durdona

Comparative typology

• Comparative typology is based on a comparison of languages and is aime at elusidating their historical past;
• This method is used to establish the relationship of languages

Comparative typology, as the notion itself reveals, represents a linguistic subject of typology based on the method of comparison. Like typology proper Comparative typology also aims at establishing the most general structural types of languages on their dominant or common phonetically, morphological, lexical and syntactical features. Comparative typology may equally treat dominant or common features only, as well as divergent features only, which are found in languages of the same structural type (synthetic, analytical, agglutinative, etc.) or in languages of the different structural types, (synthetic and analytical, agglutinative and incorporative, etc.).

• Comparative typology, as the notion itself reveals, represents a linguistic subject of typology based on the method of comparison. Like typology proper Comparative typology also aims at establishing the most general structural types of languages on their dominant or common phonetically, morphological, lexical and syntactical features. Comparative typology may equally treat dominant or common features only, as well as divergent features only, which are found in languages of the same structural type (synthetic, analytical, agglutinative, etc.) or in languages of the different structural types, (synthetic and analytical, agglutinative and incorporative, etc.).

Types of comparative typology

• Non-linguistic typology is the subject matter of the sciences except linguistics. It can be political typology, medical, historical, botanic, psychological, mathematical or economic typology as well. General and solitary differences and similarities are typical to all sciences. Some branches isolate systemic comparison into an independent sub-branch within the frames of a more general science: e.g. comparative psychology first mentioned in the works of Aristotle who described psychological similarities between animals and human beings.

Types

• Comparative Pedagogy deals with general and distinctive features, development trends and prospective of theory, applied instruction and upbringing methods, reveals their economic, social political and philosophic backgrounds.
• Historical typology analyses historic facts and produces comparative inventory based on the history of each nation/ethnicity to reveal general trends, differences, and similarities. E.g. based on French revolution of 1848 the major signs of revolutionary situation were revealed.

Types of typology

• Non-linguistic typology
• Linguistic typology

Linguistic typology

• Typological linguistics is a subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity of the world's languages.
• Comparative linguistics(originally comparative philology) is a branch of linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness. It aims to construct language families, to reconstruct proto-languages and specify the changes that have resulted in the documented languages. To maintain a clear distinction between attested and reconstructed forms, comparative linguists prefix an asterisk to any form that is not found in surviving texts. A number of methods for carrying out language classification have been developed, ranging from simple inspection to computerized hypothesis testing.

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