II. EXPERIMENTAL
A. Sample Preparation
Precursor solutions of the metal nitrates were pre-
pared using copper nitrate [Cu(NO
3
)
2
⭈ 3H
2
O (Johnson
Matthey, Ward Hill, MA)] and cerium nitrate
[Ce(NO
3
)
3
⭈ 6H
2
O (Johnson Matthey)] in dilutions of
0.3 mol/l. Similarly, for the second system, lanthanum
nitrate [La(NO
3
)
3
⭈ 6H
2
O (Johnson Matthey)], stron-
tium nitrate, [Sr(NO
3
)
2
(Aldrich Chemical Company,
Milwaukee, WI)], and cobalt nitrate [Co(NO
3
)
3
⭈ 6H
2
O
(Johnson Matthey)] were dissolved in solution to 0.3 M.
The high solubility of these nitrates allowed the solutions
to be made at room temperature with filtered and dis-
tilled water. The solutions of citric acid [C
6
H
8
O
7
⭈ 1H
2
O
(Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, NJ)] and ethylene glycol
[C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
(Fisher Scientific)] were prepared in a simi-
lar manner to a dilution of 0.3 M. In addition, citric acid
monohydrate was added to a solution of ethylene glycol
in a molar ratio of 60:40. This ratio of citric acid to
ethylene glycol, as well as the ratio of metal to organic
material content, was determined by depositing solutions
with varying compositions into glass vials and observing
the drying and foaming behavior. Each component pow-
der was allowed to dissolve and mix thoroughly into
solution at room temperature. Before generating the
polymer resin samples, the nitrate solutions were ana-
lyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission
spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer Optima 3300 XL ICP-OES,
Wellesley, MA) to determine the exact molarities and
identify any impurities. The optimum ratio of citric acid
to ethylene glycol was determined using various ratios
with three Cu
1−x
Ce
x
O
3
compositions (x
⳱ 0.2, 0.5, 0.8).
The most favorable ratio of metal salts to organic mate-
rials was also determined for these three compositions.
Total solution volumes of 2 ml were deposited in 7.4-ml
glass vials to observe the drying and foaming character-
istics of these samples.
A BioDot XY3200 (Irvine, MA) dispenser was used to
generate the libraries of 15 systematically varied copper,
cerium, and organic precursor solutions in the wells of a
stainless steel sample holder. The wells, described in Sec.
III, have a volume of 330
l and were filled to 85% of
this volume with the total solution. The library was then
slowly heated to 105 °C and held there for 4.5 h to
remove all water from the system and begin the po-
lymerization process. The library was then heated slowly
(<1 °C /min) to 160 °C to prevent ignition of the dried
resins during the polymerization of the organic compo-
nents of these resins. Once the resins were completely
polymerized, the library was heated to 600 °C to com-
pletely decompose the remaining organic compounds, re-
move residual carbon, and completely form the mixed
oxides, Cu
1−x
Ce
x
O
3
. The La
1−x
Sr
x
CoO
3−
␦
system was
heated to 780 °C in the stainless steel wells to form the
perovskite-like structure while minimizing the oxide for-
mation on the stainless steel sample holder.
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