Figure 2 is a useful and easy way of
remembering approximately how soil reacts to
imposed loads. From this we can see that even if we
keep ground contact pressure the same (average
contact pressure under agricultural tyres is generally in
the range 1 –2 x inflation pressure), doubling the load
may double the depth to which the stress P extends
before it is reduced to half its value. However, we need
other information as well to determine what may or
may not happen on any particular soil. It makes no
economic sense to reduce the value of P to say 0.5 bar
at 0.5 m depth, if the soil at that depth is already
stressed at 0.8 bar. (This is an example of how
decision support would be useful, and the
information on soil stresses may soon be
available through a European Union Concerted
Action programme on subsoil compaction [5]).
Waste and environmental problems created by soil compaction - Soil compaction creates waste in
three principal ways:
loss of energy during the compacting
process;
use of energy in the process of repair or soil
loosening;
loss of yield due to poor soil structure.
Environmentally, soil over -compaction creates waste
and pollution by:
accelerating organic matter mineralisation as
a result of increasing energy inputs. This
increased energy is also likely to create soil
destabilisation;
reducing water infiltration which promotes:
loss of potential water for the crop;
increased erosion;
increased water-borne pollutants;
accelerating structural degradation which
leads to an increased risk of air-borne
pollutants (e.g. CO
2
, CH
4
, N
2
O);
direct and indirect reduction of soil fauna and
microbes.
Energy loss during the compacting process is
illustrated in
Table 2 . If we restricted vehicles to run
on permanent compacted traffic lanes, the energy to
move these vehicles across the land could be halved in
many cases. It is perhaps an unfortunate truth that the
more we strive to create the correct conditions for the
crop, the greater is the likelihood that we will damage
the soil subsequently, and the more energy we will
consume in doing this damage!
The negative effects of soil compaction experienced
during loosening and seedbed preparation can be seen
from
Tables 3 and 4 . During seedbed preparation
energy requirements can be increased by a factor of
three compared with where no wheel loads
are imposed.