You are playing inside and your dog starts barking and growling outside Cognitive bias — What do you think is most likely to have happened?
•
Anxious: ‘There is someone I don’t know trying to get into my house’
•
Aggressive: ‘Someone is stealing my bike from outside’
•
Non-clinical controls: ‘Another dog is walking past outside’
Behaviour — What will you do about it?
•
Anxious: ‘Hide’
•
Aggressive: ‘Find the thief and hit them’
•
Non-clinical controls: ‘Look out of the window and tell my dog to be quiet’
Adapted from Barrett PM, Rapee PM, Dadds MR, Ryan SM. Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious
and aggressive children.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1996;24:187—203.
now are studies that carry out CBT-based interven-
tions for child populations in conventional clinical
settings using samples that are representative of
clinic settings. Work of that kind is underway. In
a recently completed study of 41 children with
anxiety disorder treated within a primary care
setting, we found equivalent outcomes (61% free
of primary anxiety diagnosis post-treatment) to
those found in trials conducted in specialist child
anxiety clinics [15]. These preliminary findings are
promising and encourage the application of these
protocols in non-specialist settings.
Another recent advance in work on CBT in
children and adolescents is that it is increasingly
being set up against or in addition to medication.
In fact, there are several large-scale trials com-
paring CBT with drug and combined conditions.
Probably the best known are the Treatment for
Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS [11])
and the Child Anxiety Multisite (CAM [16]) study.
In the TADS study, follow-up to 36 weeks shows
that treatment-group differences apparent in the
earlier phases of treatment diminished over time,
with the result that there was convergence among
the CBT-only, medication-only (fluoxetine), and
CBT plus medication conditions [11]. The rate of
adolescents with suicidal ideation (none commit-
ted suicide in the trial) was considerably higher
in the medication-only group (15%) than in the
combined (8%) or CBT only (6%) conditions; that
is naturally a major consideration when making
treatment decisions. Perhaps even more impres-
sive are data showing that CBT can be effective
as a treatment strategy even where drug treat-
ment was ineffective [17]. However, this study
did not include a CBT-only arm, and so it is not