Approaches to intervention
41
Discovering Psychiatric
Pharmacogenomics
David A. Mrazek
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN
WITH PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATIONS
The
development
of
psychopharmacological
interventions for the treatment of child psychiatric
conditions dramatically changed the practice of
child psychiatry over the course of the twentieth
century. At the beginning of the century, there
was not yet a single medication identified that
could help children to deal with the symptoms
of child psychiatric illnesses. By 1937, it was
discovered that stimulants could help children
with hyperkinetic behaviour [1]. Gradually, over
the intervening years many other psychotropic
medications have been demonstrated to have
potential therapeutic benefits for children with a
wide range of psychiatric disorders and symptoms.
The history of the treatment of children with
severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
provides insight into the clinical appreciation
of the power of new medications. Before the
development of medications to treat the most
extreme forms of OCD, there were many children
who were treatment resistant to psychotherapy
and behavioural therapy. These included quite
intelligent children who had been very intensively
treated. Many of the families of these children
had nearly given up hope until reports of positive
clinical trials in adult patients were published.
Clomipramine became available in Canada before
it was approved for use in the USA. During
this time, US families would make regular trips
to Canada, until clomipramine was eventually
Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for practice
, Second Edition. Edited by David Skuse, Helen Bruce,
Linda Dowdney and David Mrazek.
2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
approved for use in the USA. The introduction
of fluoxetine a few years later had another major
impact on the treatment of OCD and again
children treated with fluoxetine who had been
intractable to any form of psychotherapeutic
treatment did respond to this new medication. Of
course, not all children responded to clomipramine
or fluoxetine, but some children did show dramatic
improvements in response to treatment with
these medications. This variability in response to
specific medications remains one of the greatest
challenges in using psychotropic medications.
The introduction of pharmacogenomic testing
has provided the first important tool that is now
available to improve our ability to identify a safe
and effective medication for a specific patient.
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