Child Psychology and Psychiatry


TYPES OF FAMILY THERAPY AND THE



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

TYPES OF FAMILY THERAPY AND THE
FOCUS OF ASSESSMENT
Over the last 10 years there has been a growth of
family therapy models, with each having different
theoretical underpinnings, and a variety of psy-
chotherapeutic influences have become integrated
255


Family therapy assessment
alongside structural, strategic communication and
narrative family approaches. For instance, we have
seen a shift from didactic approaches where ther-
apists were experts in charge of changing family
relationships, to post-modern approaches such as
Narrative Family Therapy, in which family mem-
bers are considered experts on family functioning
and where one goal of therapy is the recognition
and use of family strengths to facilitate change.
Inevitably, theoretical models will influence
to some extent where the focus of assessment
lies. For example, those working within a therapy
model that emphasizes the importance of cognitive
processes will encourage individuals to compare
their thought processes with a rational evaluation
of evidence, and also to hear how other members
of the family, who each undertake their own
evaluations, view the matter. Thus the assessment
process will focus on ascertaining family member
cognitions and their evaluations of alternative
explanations for events.
In contrast, where presenting difficulties pertain
to family communication processes, emotional dif-
ficulties or life transition challenges, postmodern
approaches will view the problem as arising out of
‘oppressed’ stories that dominate an individual’s
life and constrain the possibility of change.
Assessment focuses on eliciting narratives from
family members that illustrate their perspective
on the matter of concern, and also the ways in
which individuals see themselves in relation to
each other and to the presenting difficulty. Once
the dominant narrative has been identified (i.e.
‘assessed’), then the way is open for a possible
reauthoring (or rewriting) of the family story.
While the referral problem will influence the
type of systemic approach that therapists adopt,
their choice of approach will also be influenced
by their personal values and the characteristics
of the services in which they work. For instance,
some therapists working within a legal framework
may need to bear in mind that this can militate
against adopting certain postmodern therapeutic
practices – such as deliberately adopting a ‘con-
trary position’ – as legal frameworks have rigid
rules acting as an external reality that needs to be
taken into account.
Despite the various theoretical frameworks
within which assessment takes place, all family
system approaches share the recognition that
the perceptions, emotions and behaviours of all
family members are relevant. Further, that the
various assessment processes will in some way
seek to enable therapists and families to consider
the relevance and importance of each family
member’s contribution to the situation with a view
to identifying potential solutions to the family’s
concerns.

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