Assessment
36
Paediatric Neuropsychological
Assessment I: An Assessment Framework
Judith Middleton
The Child Brain Injury Trust, Oxford, UK
This chapter sets the framework for the companion
chapter of Hohnen and Gilmour (see Chapter 37)
by discussing theory and issues in neuropsycholog-
ical assessment and intervention. A summary of
the characteristics and parameters of recent and
widely used neuropsychological tests is presented
in Chapter 37.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
What is neuropsychological assessment?
The purpose of a neuropsychological assessment
is to raise hypotheses, which may have a neuro-
biological basis, to explain functional behaviour
and relate this to any underlying neuropathology
in order to inform treatment, rehabilitation and
education. What it is not, is a reductionist use
of test results alone to diagnose neuropathology.
Neuropsychological assessment is a complex
process involving the application of carefully
selected tests in conjunction with comprehensive
clinical interviewing and specialized observation,
encompassing the child’s functioning and their
familial and social context. A useful summary of
what is involved in terms of collecting information,
decision-making in the assessment process and
interpretation can be found in Goldstein and
McNeil [1].
Assessment may be requested when there is: (i)
known underlying neuropathology such as trauma,
stroke, infections, neoplasms, disease, hypoxia or
iatrogenic causes; (ii) mental health issues, for
example attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for practice
, Second Edition. Edited by David Skuse, Helen Bruce,
Linda Dowdney and David Mrazek.
2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(ADHD); (iii) congenital or syndromic causes;
(iv) systemic and metabolic disorders impacting
the central nervous system; (v) unknown neu-
ropathology in a child who is not functioning as
expected, particularly when there is unevenness
in cognitive development; and (vi) for litigation
purposes, specifically following accidents, or a
combination of these. A request for assessment
with no explanation should occur rarely: if this
occurs, it is critical to respond by asking about the
concerns driving the referral and the purpose of
the assessment. There are times when it is decided
that neuropsychological assessment is not relevant
or appropriate. Such a decision can be taken at any
time during the process. When this occurs, it should
be stated clearly, with reasons for the decision
given to both referring clinicians and the family.
While
psychosocial
reasons
may
explain
behaviours in children referred to neuropsycho-
logical services, clinicians working with children
in mental health should always consider whether
behaviour has a possible neuropathological cause.
For example, an unreported brain injury acquired
a few years ago may explain failure to listen,
impulsiveness and forgetfulness, which might
otherwise be seen as oppositional behaviour.
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