Challenges in child and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder
WHEN DO ORDINARY CHILDHOOD RITUALS
BECOME OCD?
Rituals are a part of normal childhood develop-
ment (e.g. carrying out a bedtime ritual) and should
not be confused with OCD [6]. Rituals are com-
mon in young children (usually from the age of 2 to
7 years), and parents may fail to notice their child’s
rituals are becoming more prolonged or distress-
ing. A child’s obsessions or rituals may be OCD if:
•
the rituals or thoughts upset the child;
•
they take up a lot of time (more than one hour
per day);
•
they interfere with the child’s everyday life.
To make a diagnosis of OCD, not only do com-
pulsions and/or obsessions need to be present, but
also they must cause functional impairment.
AETIOLOGY
The cause of OCD is not known, but there is
increasing research evidence for a biological basis
to this disorder [7], although it is highly responsive
to psychological intervention.
Family and twin studies support a strong genetic
role in the aetiology of OCD, with heritability
in children ranging from 45 to 65% [8]; however,
the heterogeneity of the disorder complicates the
search for specific genes. A promising approach
for genetic, imaging and treatment studies is
the consideration of OCD dimensions as quan-
titative phenotypes. OCD is a heterogeneous
condition, and
factor- and
cluster-analytical
studies in adults and children have identified
four relatively independent symptom dimensions
of contamination/cleaning, obsessions/checking,
symmetry/ordering and hoarding [6,9].
Brain imaging studies demonstrate differing
blood flow patterns in OCD patients compared
with controls, and support a frontal-striatal-
thalamic model of OCD [10]. Treatment with
either medication or CBT is associated with a
reversal of functional neuroimaging findings. The
neurochemical basis of these differences is not
known, but the effectiveness of SSRIs suggests
that serotonin is an important neurotransmitter.
Glutamate has also been implicated, and trials of
glutamate-modulating agents, such as riluzole, in
treatment are underway [4,11].
A further finding implicating the basal gan-
glia in OCD, is that a subgroup of children
with OCD may have the disorder triggered by
infections. Streptococcal infections trigger an
immune response, which in some individuals
generates antibodies that cross-react with antigens
in the basal ganglia. This subgroup has been
given the acronym PANDAS (paediatric autoim-
mune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with
Streptococcus
) [12,13].
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