Infancy and early childhood
Box 21.1
Common childhood feeding
and eating disorder presentations
•
Delayed or absent feeding skills
•
Difficulty managing or tolerating
ingested fluids or foods
•
Lack of appetite or interest in food
•
Avoidance or refusal to eat based on
sensory aspects of food
•
Fear-based avoidance or refusal to eat
based on aversive consequences
•
Utilizing specific behaviours related to
feeding/eating to comfort, self-soothe
or self-stimulate.
disorders such as pervasive developmental disor-
der, hyperkinetic disorder or attachment disorder,
as well as chronic medical conditions and use of
certain medications. In infants, lack of appetite
or interest in food might be associated with
regulatory difficulties, such as excessive crying or
sleeping. Infants experiencing parental neglect,
stress or trauma may fail to develop healthy
hunger-satiety responses, presenting with feeding
problems and associated growth delay. However,
some children present with a clear lack of interest
in food and eating but are otherwise developing
and functioning normally. Such children fail or
refuse to eat sufficient amounts, tend not to com-
municate hunger, and can present with faltering
growth and in some cases extreme underweight.
This presentation is seen throughout childhood,
and in older children is often associated with
sadness, worry and other emotional difficulties.
Avoidance or refusal to eat based on sen-
sory aspects of food is a relatively common
presentation, and is referred to by a number of
different terms in the literature, such as sensory
food aversion, or selective eating. Children with
this type of presentation consistently refuse foods
based on texture, taste, appearance, smell or
temperature. In general such children have a
relatively restricted range of preferred foods,
which they will eat without difficulty. Often weight
and growth are normal, but the accepted diet
can be deficient in essential vitamins or minerals
and/or be excessively high in fats, salt or sugar.
This type of presentation is relatively common in
children with autism spectrum disorders, but also
occurs in children without such a diagnosis. At
times of pressure or stress, the accepted range may
be reduced to a smaller number of ‘safe’ foods.
Children who have had traumatic or unpleas-
ant experiences involving the gastrointestinal tract
(e.g. frequent vomiting, nasogastric tube feeding,
suctioning) may present with an extreme unwill-
ingness or reluctance to eat. On observation such
children may display typical fear-based avoidance
behaviours, or safety behaviours such as very slow
chewing or reluctance to accept anything other
than smooth textures. Food refusal or avoidance is
related to past experience, and associated expec-
tation or concern about aversive consequences of
eating. In some cases these presentations can be
conceptualized as a specific phobia, and can be
helpfully formulated and treated as such.
Finally, a number of children present with
behaviours related to feeding or eating where the
primary function seems to be to derive some level
of comfort, self-soothing or self-stimulation. Such
behaviours include the eating of non-nutritive
substances, as in pica (see ‘Diagnosis’ below).
This is often found in association with mental
retardation, but not exclusively so, as it is also seen
in children of normal cognitive ability. Repeated
regurgitation and re-chewing, and re-swallowing
of food, as in rumination disorder (see ‘Diagnosis’
below) appears to serve a similar function.
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