Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
There is accumulating evidence pointing to a
variety of neurobiological changes associated with
childhood maltreatment. Such changes can, on the
one hand, be viewed as a cascade of deleterious
effects that are harmful for the child; however, a
more evolutionary and developmentally informed
view would suggest that such changes are in
fact adaptive responses to an early environment
characterized by threat. If a child is to respond
optimally to the challenges posed by his/her
surroundings then early stress-induced changes
in neurobiological systems can be seen as ‘pro-
gramming’ or calibrating those systems to match
the demands of a hostile environment. From a
clinical perspective, such adaptation may heighten
vulnerability to psychopathology, partly due to the
changes in how emotional and cognitive systems
mediate social interaction [19]. For example,
early-established patterns of hypervigilance, while
adaptive in an unpredictable home environment,
may be maladaptive in other settings, thus increas-
ing vulnerability for behavioural, emotional and
social difficulties.
While initial research has focused on these neu-
robiological adaptations following maltreatment,
there is increasing interest in exploring the concept
of resilience and those factors that may promote or
enhance neurobiological mechanisms important
for emotional regulation and coping. Specifically,
there is emerging evidence from genetic and neu-
robiological research supporting the importance
of a reliable adult caregiver, and the role they
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