The role of professionals The majority of bereaved children need neither
professional intervention nor therapy. Referral
is appropriate where there is prolonged distress
or disorder (Table 16.1). It is essential to gain
a detailed understanding of the circumstances of
the death, what information and explanations the
child has been given and how their knowledge was
acquired. Relevant cultural or religious variables
need to be understood.
It is therapeutically useful to see children and
parents separately and together. Individual meet-
ings with children can highlight hidden worries,
cognitive distortions, self-blame or symptoms of
trauma. Individual meetings with parents can high-
light concerns about what information to share
with children. Seeing family members together
can highlight which family processes to strengthen
or modify. Widening family support networks
is useful – for instance, via school consultations
or reassuring parents that other trusted family
members or friends can also help in managing
children’s grief.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with
children and their parents can effect significant
improvements in PTSD and internalizing disorders
and complicated grief [12].
CONCLUSIONS Bereaved children’s expression of grief is influ-
enced by their developmental level and their age
and gender. The episodic quality of their grief can
be confusing to adults. Separation from attachment
figures can induce anxiety across all age groups.
Grief-related distress does not indicate pathology.
Clinical disturbance affects approximately one in
five children. Positive and authoritative parenting
facilitates childhood resilience. Parents appreci-
ate information that normalizes children’s grief
and traumatic symptoms, and provides guidance
on management. Bereaved children value oppor-
tunities to share their thoughts and feelings. The
majority of families do not require psychological
services, although families bereaved by murder or
suicide would benefit from extra support. Consul-
tation with other agencies in routine contact with
children, such as schools, can enhance families’
supportive community networks.
Referral for professional help is appropriate
when grief and trauma symptoms disrupt normal
functioning and persist over time. It is essential to
consider the impact of religious and cultural beliefs
upon presentation and the implications of these for
appropriate therapeutic goals and practice.