Child Psychology and Psychiatry


participation in peer group activities, children’s



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry


participation in peer group activities, children’s
SED undergoes a profound change. Rather than
regularly looking to parents or caregivers to help
them manage their feelings and relationships,
school-aged children prefer to autonomously
regulate their emotional states and depend more
on their own resources in dealing with their peers.
As they develop through the middle childhood
years they show increased efficiency in identifying
and using multiple strategies for autonomously
regulating their emotions and managing stress.
During this process they learn to regulate self-
conscious emotions such as embarrassment and
to use distancing and distraction strategies to
manage intense feelings when they have little
control over emotionally challenging situations.
There is increased use of emotional expression
to regulate closeness and distance within peer
relationships. Within this context, children make
clear distinctions between genuine emotional
expression with close friends and managed
emotional displays with others.
During middle childhood children develop an
understanding of consensually agreed emotional
scripts and their roles in such scripts. There is
also an increased use of social skills to deal with
their own emotions and those of others. Children
become aware that they can feel multiple conflict-
ing emotions about the same person; for example,
that they can be angry with someone they like.
They use information and memories about their
own emotions and those of others in multiple
contexts as aids to making and maintaining friend-
ships. As adolescence approaches they develop
an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the
place of emotional scripts and social roles in mak-
ing and maintaining friendships.
Cooperative play premised on an empathic
understanding of other children’s viewpoints
becomes fully established in middle childhood.
Competitive rivalry (often involving physical or

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