Approaches to intervention Mixed diagnoses A number of studies have focused on children
presenting in middle childhood with a range of
difficulties rather than belonging to a particular
diagnostic category. One randomized trial of such
children, aged 5–9 years, compared time-unlimited
or time-limited (12 sessions) psychodynamically
oriented treatment with a minimal-contact control
group (four sessions) [16]. All groups showed sig-
nificant improvements from pre-test to post-test,
though changes in family functioning in the con-
trol group were significantly greater than those
in the time-unlimited group. At 4-year follow-up,
all three groups did well on a variety of outcome
measures although the control group did rather
better, being the only group to report significant
improvements on severity of target problems and
measures of family functioning. The researchers
speculate that the four-session ‘minimal contact
control’ group may have proved most effective
because the families’ own capacities for coping
and resilience had been harnessed.
A further RCT compared the effectiveness of
structural family therapy with individual psycho-
dynamic child psychotherapy and a ‘recreational’
control in boys aged 6– 12 years presenting with
mixed diagnoses [17]. Attrition was greatest in
the control group (43%) and greater in the fam-
ily therapy group compared with the individual
therapy (16% vs 4%). Both family therapy and
individual psychodynamic therapy were equally
effective in reducing behavioural and emotional
problems on a variety of outcome measures that
included family systems and individual psycho-
dynamic rating scales. Findings on measures of
family functioning were mixed: the control group
showed no significant change; the family therapy
group improved; those receiving individual psy-
chodynamic psychotherapy showed deterioration
at 1-year follow-up. This finding may possibly be
biased as an intention-to-treat analysis was not
carried out despite variable drop-outs in the three
groups, but it may also be attributable to the fact
that the individual psychodynamic child therapy
was undertaken in the absence of any parallel par-
ent work, contrary to usual practice. The study
underlines the importance of working with the
wider family system in conjunction with individual
work with the child.