Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS
Anxiety
Systematic reviews (e.g. Ref. [11]) show that
a family-based treatment for anxiety disorders
is at least as effective as individual cognitive–
behavioural
therapy
(CBT)
in
alleviating
277


Systemic and family approaches to intervention
symptoms of anxiety, and more effective where
parents also have anxiety disorders, and in
improving the quality of family functioning.
Encopresis
In a narrative review of 42 studies McGrath
et
al
. [12] found that multimodal programmes involv-
ing medical assessments and intervention followed
by behavioural family therapy were effective for
43–75% of cases. Effective behavioural family
therapy involves psycho-education coupled with a
reward programme. There is some evidence [13]
that a narrative approach is more effective than
a behavioural one. In the former, child symptoms
are ‘externalized’, that is, they are talked about
in such a way that they are no longer seen as
‘belonging’ to the child. This can help children feel
less blamed and stigmatized and more in control.
In a retrospective study of 108 children with
soiling problems the 54 who were treated using
an externalizing approach did better than children
receiving a standard behavioural intervention,
with parents rating the externalizing intervention
as much more helpful.
Depression
Effective family-based interventions for children
and adolescents with depression aim to decrease
family stress and enhance social support within
the family context through the facilitation of clear
parent–child communication, the promotion of
family-based problem-solving, the disruption of
negative critical parent–child interaction, and the
promotion of secure parent– child attachment. In
a multi-country study comparing psychodynamic
individual and family therapy interventions for
children aged 9 to 15 years presenting with
moderate to severe depression, both approaches
were found to be effective [14]. Over 74% of
children in both groups were no longer clinically
depressed at post-test, and 81% of the family
therapy group were also no longer clinically
depressed at 6-month follow-up.

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