BASIC PREMISES OF THE CBT APPROACH
AND ITS ADMINISTRATION
According to the basic CBT model, disorder is
conceptualized as resulting, in part, from the
individual’s cognitive distortions (such as false
attributions or expectations of the self or other)
that undermine positive coping and problem-
solving behaviour. There is now considerable
evidence that cognitive distortions exist and may
play a causal – or at least contributing – role
in many childhood disorders, with much of
the work focusing on depressed, anxious and
conduct-problem youth [2–5] (Box 42.1). Several
clinical and developmental models have informed
and been informed by research into the processes
by which distorted cognitions are developed
and influence behavioural/emotional problems.
One example, the social information processing
Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for practice
, Second Edition. Edited by David Skuse, Helen Bruce,
Linda Dowdney and David Mrazek.
2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
model [5], was developed in the context of conduct
disorder but has proved useful for other childhood
disorders, including depression and anxiety. The
model focuses on the following:
•
the child’s attending to, encoding and interpret-
ing social cues (e.g. why did that child step on
my foot?);
•
developing goals for one’s own behaviour (e.g.
what do I want to do now?);
•
generating potential solutions and evaluating
their effects (e.g. what would happen if I hit
back at him?).
Several CBT programmes have been devised
and shown to be clinically effective. Although there
is some tendency to tailor the CBT treatment for
a particular disorder (see studies cited below), it
is possible to make several basic statements about
how CBT is administered. In general, CBT inter-
ventions seek to break the cascade of maladaptive
thoughts and feelings that lie between the cogni-
tive distortion and the destructive behaviour. This
occurs in a logical, stepped manner usually lasting
8– 16 sessions, typically on a 1 session/week sched-
ule (Box 42.2). A first step is to collate detailed
information about the settings that lead the child
to feel, for example, anxious and unable to cope
with a particular situation. A second step is to
help the child/adolescent to identify and differ-
entiate thoughts, feelings and somatic reactions
linked with these situations Subsequently, there is a
focus on self-talk, or helping the child to recognize
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