Approaches to intervention
possible to know whether CBT alone would have
been successful following drug treatment failure.
The CAM study, in contrast, compared outcomes
of children aged 7 to 14 years with a diagnosed
anxiety disorder randomized to either 14 sessions
of CBT, sertraline, a combination of sertraline and
CBT, or a placebo drug [16]. Based on a clini-
cian’s global impressions of improvement, 81% of
children were reported as ‘much’ or ‘very much’
improved following the combination treatment,
60% for CBT, and 55% for sertraline, all of which
were superior to outcomes from placebo (24%).
Importantly there was not a greater frequency of
adverse events amongst the sertraline group; how-
ever, there were significantly greater incidence of
symptoms of insomnia, fatigue, sedation and rest-
lessness amongst children who received sertraline
in comparison to CBT.
These findings and those of other studies
have shown that assumptions about CBT being
appropriate only for more mild cases is no longer
supported by the evidence. Indeed, although its
impact is even greater when coupled with medica-
tion, CBT is an important stand-alone treatment
and, in terms of its effectiveness and side-effect
profile, it can be considered as a first-choice treat-
ment rather than an add-on to other approaches,
such as medication. The question now for mental
health professionals is not whether CBT is a
reasonable treatment option, but rather how to
increase the availability of CBT to children and
families. Another recent advance in CBT work
concerns the mediators of treatment (why does
treatment work?) and the moderators of treatment
(what predicts who will respond and who will
not?). Findings from this research are important
for improving our understanding of the treatment
process and for better targeting those who are most
likely to benefit from treatment. There are sug-
gestions but, to date, not much consistency across
studies. This is likely to improve as research studies
move on from asking if treatment works and take
on the next stage of research, namely questions
about why and for whom treatment works.
Finally, CBT is incorporated in prevention
programmes in universal, indicated and selected
samples. A recent review of school-based pro-
grammes [18] indicated that they were effective
for anxiety, with effect sizes ranging from small to
large. That is significant because it demonstrates
that CBT can be used as a general tool and across
a variety of settings.
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