Child Psychology and Psychiatry


Exposure and response-prevention



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Exposure and response-prevention:
CBT proto-
cols are generally based on ERP: ‘exposure’ (facing
up to the feared stimulus) and ‘response-
prevention’ (resisting the urge to carry out a
ritual in these circumstances) [24]. In adult
and child studies, ERP appears to be a critical
therapeutic
component.
Cognitive
protocols,
which tackle underlying beliefs about connections
between thoughts and behaviours, are also being
evaluated [26].
It helps to explain to children that the first step
of CBT involves a detailed assessment of the prob-
lem, often starting with keeping a symptom diary.
Resisting compulsions makes OCD sufferers very
anxious, and it is important for them to learn how
to confront this anxiety. Step-by-step exposure
to the anxiety-provoking situation, while resisting
the urge to respond with compulsive behaviour,
shows the patient that their anxiety level steadily
decreases under these conditions, and they realize
that compulsive behaviour is not the only way to
relieve their anxiety. The young person designs
the treatment programme with the therapist, so
that little by little they can overcome their fears.
‘Accommodation’, or the participation by family
members in OCD rituals, is common, elicited by
their child’s distress and unwittingly reinforcing
the OCD, and is reported in up to 75% of par-
ents [27]. Families need to learn about OCD, and
how to help their child fight back [27,28]. CBT is
not usually a long treatment; most children who
respond to this approach do so in 8–12 sessions.
Medication
There is extensive clinical trial literature in adults
and young people with OCD demonstrating effi-
cacy for the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI)
group of antidepressants. Clomipramine, an SRI,
remains a useful drug for some, although its side-
effect profile (sedation, dry mouth, cardiac side
effects) make it generally less acceptable than
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),
which are now the first-line medication. All SSRIs
appear to be equally effective, although they have
different pharmacokinetics and side effects [29].
There has been concern about the use of SSRIs
in depressed youths, with meta-analyses suggesting
low levels of efficacy and an increase in behavioural

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