Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Literacy disorders
22
Literacy Disorders
Valerie Muter
1
and Margaret J. Snowling
2
1
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
2
Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
WHAT’S NEW

Literacy disorders are now recognized as dimensional, with no clear cut-off between typical
and impaired reading; ‘diagnosis’ is defined according to context, e.g. the school system.

Disorders of reading accuracy stemming from phonological (speech sound processing)
difficulties are partially independent from disorders of reading comprehension, which are
associated with broader oral language impairments.

Literacy disorders tend to co-occur alongside other learning difficulties (e.g. maths disorders
and attention disorders).

Different forms of literacy disorder require different interventions; there is now an evidence
base of effective interventions to promote phonological skills and for treatments that foster
language (especially vocabulary) development.

Protective factors play an important part in improving the outcome for children with literacy
disorders. These include early identification and high-quality intervention, the child’s ability
to maintain attention and motivation, conditions that foster high levels of print exposure,
encouragement to engage in activities in which the child might excel, and family support.

Children who have severe and complex literacy problems (treatment non-responders) will
need intensive and high-quality learning support that is sustained into the teenage years and
beyond.

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