Child Psychology and Psychiatry


Later reactions after a stressful event



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Later reactions after a stressful event
When safety and security are felt to be restored,
recovery can be rapid; but where the situation
involves dealing with ongoing stress, different
types of response will occur. For example, loss of a
107


Stress and reactions to stress in children
Threat /Stress
Hypothalamus
[CRH, AVP]
Stimulate
Inhibit
Modulates,
Inhibits HPA
axis
Long-term
mediation
Adrenal cortex
[cortisol]
Stimulate
Anterior pituitary
[ACTH]
- Cardiovascular adaptation
- Increased arousal, vigilance
- Decreased vegetative function
(catabolism)
- Immune suppression
- Growth suppression
Figure 18.1
The hypothalamic—pituitary axis (HPA) and the threat response. ACTH, adrenocorti-
cotropic hormone; AVP, arginine vasopressin; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone.
loved one by death or separation may be followed
by a bereavement response in which initial
numbness gives way to grief and mourning. When
loss is unexpected and traumatic, however, the
initial shock may be followed by intrusive thoughts
and images that make it difficult to come to terms
with the loss in the normal way. This may give rise
to complicated and prolonged grief reactions.
Some stressful events bring with them enor-
mous changes for the individuals affected. Natural
disasters or war, for example, disrupt the way
of life of whole communities for long periods.
But even changes on a smaller scale can result
in catastrophic disruption of the individual’s
assumptions about the world, including the
framework for self-identity, understanding events,
planning and taking action. Repairing the damage
and developing new ways of functioning may take
considerable time [6].

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