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Lesson 4. Have got/has got
Have got or has got is used to show possession. Have got forms are common in the present tense. Do not use do and got together.
Instead of...
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use...
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I have... .
Have I...?
I haven't ... .
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I've got.... .
Have I got...?
I haven't got ... .
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Examples have got - long form
I have got a book.
You have got a book.
He, She, It has got a book.
We have got a book.
You have got a book.
They have got a book.
Have got negative - long form
I have not got a book.
You have not got a book.
He/ She/ It has not got a book.
We have not got a book.
You have not got a book.
They have not got a book.
have got - short form
Have got = 've got or 's got.
Have not got = haven't got or hasn't got.
Examples have got - short form
I 've got a book.
You 've got a book.
He, She, It 's got a book.
We 've got a book.
You 've got a book.
They 've got a book.
Have got - short form negative
I haven't got a book.
You haven't got a book.
He/ She/ It hasn't got a book.
We haven't got a book.
You haven't got a book.
They haven't got a book.
Questions short answers - have got / has got.
Have I got a book?
Have you got a book?
Has he/ she/ it got a book?
Have we got a book?
Have you got a book?
Have they got a book?
Lesson 5. The possessive Case.
1.Umumiy kelishikdagi otlarning hech qanday qo‘shimchasi bo‘l-maydi, predlog bilan kelmaganda ularning boshqa so‘zlar bilan muno sabati gapdagi o‘rniga qarab belgilanadi.
Ot kesimdan oldin kelsa, gapning egasi bo‘ladi, predlogsiz ot kesimdan keyin kelsa gapda to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lib keladi:
The student recognized the teacher Talaba o‘qituvchini tanidi.
The teacher recognized the student O‘qituvchi talabani tanidi.
The teacher showed the students a diagram
O‘qituvchi talabalarga diagrammani ko’rsatdi
2.Qaratqich kelishigi otga ‘s (apostrofli s qo‘shimchasi ) qo‘shish bilan yasaladi. Bu qo‘shimcha ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi sga o‘xshab [s], [z], [iz] deb talaffuz qilinadi:
the girl’s hat qizning shlapasi
Jack’s friend Jekning do‘sti
the horse’s leg otning oyog‘i
3.Qaratqich kelishigi ko‘plikdagi otlardan keyin faqat apostrof belgisini qo‘yish bilan yasaladi:
the boys’ books bolalarning kitoblari
the workers’ tools ishchilarning asboblari
Agar otning ko‘plikdagi shakli s qo‘shimchasi qo‘shmasdan, o‘zak o‘zgarishi bilan yasalgan bo‘lsa, uning qaratqich kelishikdagi shakli -s qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan yasaladi.
the children’s toys bolalarning o‘yinchoqlari
the workmen’s tools ishchilarning asboblari
4. Qo‘shma so‘zlarga qaratqich kelishigi qo‘shimchasi oxirgi so‘zga qo‘shiladi:
the commander-in-chief’s order bosh qo‘mondonning buyrug‘I
my brother-in-law’s library qayin og‘amning kutubxonasi
5.Buyumning egasi (xo‘jayini) ikki yoki undan ortiq kishi bo‘lsa, qaratqich kelishigi qo‘shimchasi oxirgi otga qo‘shiladi:
Peter and Helen’s flat is large. Piter va Helenning kvartirasi katta.
Qaratqich kelishigi qo‘shimchasini olgan ot boshqa otdan oldin kelib, o‘zidan keyin kelgan otning aniqlovchisi bo‘ladi:
the student’s library studentning kutubxonasi
the children’s mother bolalarning onasi
Kate’s friends Keytning dugonalari
6.Agar otning boshqa aniqlovchisi bo‘lsa, qaratqich kelishigidagi ot o‘sha aniqlovchilardan oldin keladi:
the student’s new dictionary studentning yangi lug‘ati
Kate’s best friends Keytning eng yaxshi dugonalari
Qaratqich kelishigidagi otdan keyin kelgan ot artikl bilan ishlatilmaydi, chunki qaratqich kelishigidagi ot o‘zidan keyin kelgan otning ko‘rsatkichidir.
The children’s mother, the student’s dictionary misollaridagi artikl qaratqich kelishigidagi otlarga qarashli, ulardan keyin kelgan otlarga emas.
Egalikni ifodalash uchun qaratqich kelishigidagi ot bilan bir qatorda of predlogi ham ishlatiladi:
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. | Nonushta kunning birinchi ovqati.
Ko‘pincha ko‘plikdagi otlar qaratqich kelishigida of predlogi bilan ishlatiladi:
Where have you put the tools of the workers?
Ishchilarning asboblarini qaerga qo‘ydingiz?
Ikkita qaratqich kelishigi (egalik) qo‘shimchasi olgan ot kamdan- kam holatda oldinma-keyin keladi, ikkinchisi ko‘pincha of predlogi bilan almashtiriladi:
He is my sister’s husband’s father — o‘rnida — He is the father of my sister’s husband deb ishlatiladi.
Bitta yaxlit ma’noni bildirgan so‘zlar kelganda, qo‘shimcha oxirgi so‘zga qo‘shiladi:
My elder brother Peter’s son is very ill.
Mening katta akam Piterningo‘g‘li juda kasal .
Yuqoridagi vaziyatda of predlogini ishlatish afzal.
The son of my elder brother Peter is very ill.
10. house — uy, office — idora, shop — do‘kon kabi so‘zlar ko‘pincha qaratqich kelishigi (egalik) qo‘shimchasi olgan otdan keyin tushib qoladi:
I dined at my friend’s (=my friend’s house) Men do‘stimnikida ovqatlandim
She went to the baker’s . (the baker’s shop) - U novvoynikiga ketdi.
11. Jonli otlardan tashqari quyidagi otlar ham qaratqich kelishigi (egalik) qo‘shimchasini oladi:
a) vaqt va masofani ifodalovchi otlar:
He had a month’s holiday last summer -O‘tgan yozda u bir oylik ta’tilga chiqdi
He lives at a kilometre’s distance from here-U bu yerdan bir kilometr masofada yshaydi.
b) mamlakat, shahar, kemalarni ifodalovchi otlar:
London is England’s greatest scientific and cultural centre
London Angliyaning eng katta ilmiy va madaniy markazi.
London’s theatres are the best in the world
Londonning teatrlari dunyodagi eng yaxshi teatrlardir.
Russia has the world’s largest deposits of oil.
Rossiyada dunyodagi eng katta neft konlari bor.
The ship’s crew stood on deck. Kema komandasi palubada turardi.
c)ba’zi payt ravishlari ham egalik qo‘shimchasini oladi:
today’s newspaper bugungi gazeta
yesterday’s conversation kechagi suhbat
d)ba’zi qotib qolgan (o‘zgarmas) iboralarda egalik qoshimchasi ish latiladi:
for order’s sake tartib uchun
for old acquaintance’s sake eski tanishlik haqqi
at a stone’s throw bir qadam
Part II 2.The usage of the noun with the preposition “of”
1. ‘s-Genitive – mostly for people and animals
Ronny's bike
the cat's basket
2. of-phrase – mostly for things
the name of the school
the top floor of the building
If things have a connection to people we also use the ‘s-genitive (possessive). Germany's economy = the ecomony of Germany
In time expressions we also use the ‘s-genitive (possessive).
a three weeks' holiday- uch haftalik tatil
Lesson 6. Present Simple Tense (Hozirgi oddiy zamon)
The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal.
We use the present tense:
1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.
I take the train to the office.
The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.
2. For facts.
The President of The USA lives in The White House.
A dog has four legs.
We come from Switzerland.
3. For habits.
I get up early every day.
Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
They travel to their country house every weekend.
4. For things that are always / generally true.
It rains a lot in winter.
The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
They speak English at work.
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