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As a result of studying the course of English Stylistics students are expected to:
–distinguish stylistic categories and phenomena from those of other linguistic disciplines,
–comment upon functional roles of expressive means and stylistic devices in speech and discourse products,
–know various approaches to stylistic differentiation of the English language,
–choose units of different functional styles in accordance with appropriate linguistic contexts,
–understand the literary text as a multi-layer construct and an open system that requires manifold approaches to its interpretation,
–be philologically competent in applying linguostylistic and other types of analysis to the literary text,
By the end of the course students should be able to present well-rounded interpretations of sample texts in the module test and at the examination.
The significance of the course of Stylistics of English consists in improving students’ linguistic and communicative competence that relates to their knowledge of structural language units and their functioning in speech.
Style. Functional Styles The term "stylistics" originated from the Greek "stylos" which means "a pen". In the course of time it developed several meanings, each one applied to a specific study of language elements and their use in speech. Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the various functional styles of speech and also the various expressive means (выразительные средства) and devices (приемы) of language. The types of texts that are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect (the aim) of the communication are called functional styles of language. The specific media of language which secure the desirable effect of the utterance are stylistic devices and expressive means. Functional style is a system of coordinated, interrelated and interconditioned language means intended to fulfill a specific function of communication and aiming at a definite effect. (I. R. Galperin) Academician V.V. Vinogradov was among the first linguists to describe the different styles o f speech in respect to their functions (aims): 1) the colloquial (разговорный) style, which have the function of communicating 2) the official and scientific styles, which have the function of informing 3) the publicist and belles-letters styles, which have the function o f producing an emotional impact on the listeners or readers.
The colloquial style is characteristic of the situation of direct communication; more bookish styles (official, scientific, publicist) are used in situations of indirect
communication.
I.V. Arnold mentions 4 styles:
1) poetic;
2) scientific;
3) newspaper;
4) colloquial.
I.R. Galperin maintains that there are 5 styles in English: 1) the belles-letters style, embracing numerous and versatile genres of creative writing.; 2) the style of
publicistic literature, covering such genres as essay, feature article, most writings of "new journalism", public speeches, etc.; 3) the style o f newspapers, observed in the majority of materials printed in newspapers; 4) the style of scientific
prose, found in articles, brochures, monographs and other scientific, academic publications; 5) the style of official documents, represented in all kinds of
official documents and papers. Each style is subdivided into a number of substyles.
The choice of a particular functional style may depend
1) on a particular relations between the participants of communication
If the relations are friendly and easy-going, the style is informal. If the relations are restrained and strictly official, the style is formal (bookish).
2) on a particular attitude of the speaker to what he says. In this respect we can distinguish:
1) an emotionally coloured style of speech, 2) a deliberately (преднамеренно) unemotional, 3) a neutral style. Emotionally coloured speech may be characterized
a) by a lofty emotional colouring such as solemn (торжественный), passionate, ironic, wrathful, sarcastic. b) by a lowered colouring: jocular, humorous,
derogatory, rude, endearing. The lofty emotional colouring is characteristic of
publicist/oratory style; the lowered colouring is typical of
colloquial style. The deliberately unemotional character of
speech is typical of the formal styles, such as scientific,
official or business speech, where the speaker tends to make
his speech impersonal and avoid any emotional or evaluating
elements.
The term individual style is applied to that sphere of linguistic and literary science which deals with the peculiarities of a writer’s individual manner of using
language means to achieve the effect he desires. It is a unique combination of language units, expressive means and stylistic devices peculiar to a given writer, which makes that writer’s work easily recognizable.
Selection, or deliberate choice of language, and the ways the chosen elements are treated are the main distinctive features of individual style. The way the chosen elements are treated brings us to the problem of the norm. The norm is regarded as the invariant of the phonemic, morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns
circulating in language-in-action at a given period of time. Variants of these patterns may sometimes diverge from the invariant but they never exceed the limits set by the invariant.
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