2.3. Consonant changes in English
Consonants were historically more stable than vowels, though certain changes took
place in all historical periods.
Some of the consonant changes dated in pre-written periods are referred to as "West
Germanic" (WG) as they are shared by all the languages of the WG subgroup; WG
changes may have taken place at the transitional stage from Proto-Germanic(PG) to
Early OE prior to the Germanic settlement of Britain. Other changes are specifically
English; they took place in Early OE.
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1) In OE there were no affricates and sibilants except [s,z]
10
2) Hardening. The PG voiced [ð] (due to Verner's Law or to the third act of the shift)
was always hardened to [d] in OE and other WG languages. The two other fricatives,
[v] and [y] were hardened to [b] and [g] initially and after nasals, otherwise they
remained fricatives.
3) PG [z] underwent a phonetic modification into [r] and thus became a sonorant
(maiza→māra). This process, termed rhotacism, is characteristic not only of WG but
also of North German.
4) voicing or devoicing of [v, f, θ, y, s]. In Early OE they became or remained voiced
intervocally and between vowels, sonorants and voiced consonants; they remained or
became voiceless in other environments, namely, initially, finally and next to other
voiceless consonants.
5) In all West Germ languages, at an early stage of their independent history, most
consonants were lengthened after a short vowel before [j] This process is known as
WG "gemination" or "doubling" of consonants, as the resulting long consonants are
indicated by means of double letters, e. g.: * fuljan > OE fyllan (NE fill)', * sætjan >
OE settan
During the process, or some time later, [j ] was lost, so that the long consonants
ceased to be phonetically conditioned. The change did not affect the sonorant [r], e. g.
OE werian (NE wear), nor did it operate if the consonant was preceded by a long
vowel, e. g. OE deman(NE deem).
6)Loss of Consonants in Some Positions Comparison with other OG languages has
revealed certain instances of the loss of consonants in WG and Early OE. Nasal
sonorants were regularly lost before fricative consonants; in the process the preceding
10
Борисова, Л.В. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка : учебное пособие для
ин-тов и фак-тов иностр. яз. / Л.В. Борисова, А.А. Метлюк. – Минск: Вышэйшая
школа, 1980. – 144 с.
2. Бурая, Е.А. Фонетика современного английского языка. Теоретический курс: учебник
для студ. лингв. вузов и фак. / Е.А. Бурая, И.Е. Галочкина, Т.И. Шевченко. – 3-е изд.,
стер. – Москва: Издательский центр «Академия», 2009. – 272 с.
25
vowel was probably nasalised and lengthened. ( uns — OE ūs (NE us). Fricative
consonants could be dropped between vowels and before some plosive consonants
could be lost. We should also mention the loss of semi-vowels and consonants in
unstressed final syllables, [j] was regularly dropped in suffixes after producing
various changes in the root: palatal mutation of vowels, lengthening of consonants
after short vowels.
7)In OE there were no sibilants like [ш,ж] and affricats [ч,дж]. All of them but [ж]
developed on the boundary of OE and ME. [ж] is the youngest and came recently
from French.
[k‘→ ч] (cild- child) [g‘→дж] (ecge- edge), [sk‘→ш] (fisk- fish)
8)In Early New English another changes took place:
[sj → ш] (condisju:n - condition), [zj →ж](plezju:r - pleasure), [tj→ч] (natju:re -
nature), [dj →дж] (souldjer - solder)
9) In the transitional period from OE to ME the voiced consonants [j] and [y]
between and after vowels changed into [i] and [u]. They fused with the preceding
stressed vowels into diphthongs or made the preceding short vowels long.
10) [x, x‘] were not vocalized until late ME when they changed into [u] and [i]. They
formed glides of diphthongs or lengthened the preceding vowel. (niht- ni:t-night).
In the final position x→f (rough[ru:x] – rough[raf])
11) Some consonants underwent positional changes like[j, r] which were vocalized
finally and before consonants and continued to be used initially.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, we can say that Learning to pronounce new consonant sounds can
be challenging, and it won‘t happen all at once. It takes time for students to learn to
recognize new sounds and get used to moving their mouths in strange new ways to
produce them. Consonants are sounds in which the air stream meets some obstacles
in the mouth on its way up from the lungs, as we learned earlier. Most consonants are
not as smooth-sounding as vowels; they pop, hiss, snap, or hum.
Most words in English contain at least one consonant, and some contain many
more. For example, at and she each contain one consonant sound, play contains two,
and spring contains four. But words don‘t have to have any consonants at all. For
example, the words I, a, and oh have no consonant sounds—only vowels.
A
consonant letter usually represents one consonant sound. Some consonant letters, for
example, c, g, s, can represent two different consonant sounds.
Consonants are produced by pushing air up from the lungs and out through the
mouth and/or nose. Airflow is disrupted by obstructions made by various
combinations of vocal articulator movements, so that audible friction is produced.
They are described in terms of voicing, place of articulation and manner of
articulation.
Voicing refers to the presence or absence of vocal vibration during
speech sound production. In a voiced sound, there is vocal fold vibration and an
audible 'buzzing' sound. In an unvoiced sound, there is no vocal fold vibration.
Although it is well documented that voiceless initial obstruents induce high tones
and voiced initial obstruents induce low tones cross-linguistically, consonant-tone
interaction is still a controversial issue, both phonetically and phonologically.
The place of articulation is the physical location in the vocal tract that a phoneme
is produced in, and the kinds of articulatory movements that are involved in
producing a sound.
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Study consonant and vowel sounds is too important and interesting for me because
Phonology is one of few ways to understand every single letter and word to
pronounce in the correct form. To have a comparison about consonant and vowels
sounds I can tell you that consonants are easier to pronounce and record them in the
mind but the vowels you have to concentrate more because the same letter can have
different pronunciation.
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Used Literature
1. Abdulazizov A.A. Theoretical phonetics of Modern English. –T: 2007
2. Iriskulov M. Kuldashev A. Theoretical Grammar of English Language. –T: 2008
3. Blokh M. A course in Theoretical Grammar.
4. E. Morokhovskaya. Fundamentals of Theoretical Grammar.
5. I. P. Ivanova, V.V. Burlakova, G.G. Pochensov. Teoricheskaya grammatika
sovremennogo Angliyskiy yazik.
6. Lectures in Theoretical Grammar by ass. Prof. I.M. Volkova. ―National Linguistic
University of Kiev‖.
7. Л. Бархударов. Очерки по морфологии современного английского языка. М.,
1975
8. Л. Бархударов. Структура простого предложения современного английского
языка. М., 1966
9. Л. Бархударов, Д. Штелинг. Грамматика английского языка. М., 1994
10. М. Блох. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. М., 1994
Internet websites:
1. www.pressbooks.bccampus.com
2. www.englishlanguageclub.co.uk
3. www.thoughtco.com
4. www.partofspeech.org
5. www.aims.edu
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