Design Procedures: Part 2
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builders—schools, hospitals, government—and owners who expect to
occupy the building for an indefinite extended period. Life-cycle cost
analysis requires the assumption of an interest, or discount, rate and
may also include anticipated inflation.
4.
Desires of owner, architect, or design office.
Very often, someone
in authority lays down guidelines which must be followed by the de-
signer. This is particularly true for institutional owners and major
retailers. Here the designer’s job is to follow the criteria of the em-
ployer or the client unless it is obvious that some requirements are
unsuitable in an unusual environment. Examples of such environ-
mental conditions are extremely high or low outside-air humidity, high
altitude (which affects the AHU and air-cooled condenser capacity),
and contaminated outside air (which may require special filtration and
treatment).
5.
Space limitations.
Architects can influence the HVAC system
selection by the space they make available in a new building. In re-
trofit situations, designers must work with existing space. Sometimes
in existing buildings it is necessary to take additional space to provide
a suitable HVAC system. For example, in adding air conditioning to a
school, it is often necessary to convert a classroom to an equipment
room. Rooftop systems are another alternative where space is limited,
if the building structure will support such systems. In new buildings,
if space is too restricted, it is desirable to discuss the implications of
the space limitations in terms of equipment efficiency and maintain-
ability with the architect. There are ways of providing a functional
HVAC system in very little space, such as individual room units and
rooftop units, but these systems often have a high life-cycle cost.
6.
Maintainability.
This criterion includes equipment quality (the
mean time between failures is commonly used); ease of maintenance
(are high-maintenance items readily accessible in the unit?); and ac-
cessibility (Is the unit readily accessible? Is there adequate space
around it for removing and replacing items?). Rooftop units may be
readily accessible if an inside stair and a roof penthouse exist; but if
an outside ladder must be climbed, the adjective
readily
must be de-
leted. Many equipment rooms are easy to get to but are too small for
adequate access or maintenance. This criterion is critical in the life-
cycle cost analysis and in the long-term satisfaction of the building
owner and occupants.
7.
Central plant versus distributed systems.
Central plants may in-
clude only a chilled water source, both heating and chilled water, an
intermediate temperature water supply for individual room heat
pumps, or even a large, central air-handling system. Many buildings
have no central plant. This decision is, in part, influenced by previ-
ously cited criteria and is itself a factor in the life-cycle cost analysis.
Design Procedures: Part 2
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