Chapter 6 complete


 Irving Fisher’s Transaction Approach



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6.3.1 Irving Fisher’s Transaction Approach 
The origin of the Transaction Approach can be traced back to Mr. Montesquie who wrote in 
his book, “Espirit de Lots” that the purchasing power or value of money could be found out 
by dividing the total quantity of goods by the total supply of money
3
. The transaction version 
of the QTM was presented by Irving Fisher in his famous book, “The Purchasing Power of 
Money (1911).” This theory begins with an identity known as the equation of exchange, 
which is set forth below: 
Money X Transaction Velocity of Money = Price X Transaction of Quantity of Goods 
M X V = P X Q
6.3 
Supply of Money = Demand for Money
The right-hand side of the equation 6.3 tells us about transaction of goods and 
services in a period of time, say a year. Q represents the total number of transactions of goods 
or services already produced in an economy during a given period of time. In other words, Q 
is the number of times in a year that goods or services are exchanged for money. Here, we 
should note that Q refers only to transactions of goods already produced and not the 
production of goods and services in that particular year. P is the price of typical transaction – 
the number of Rs. exchanged. The product of the price of a transaction and the number of 
transactions, PQ equals the number of Rs. exchanged, MV in a year. The demand for money 
refers to demand for transactions only. 
The left-hand side of the equation 6.3 tell us about the money used to make the 
transaction, PQ. Thus, MV is supply of money and PQ is demand for money. M is called the 
quantity of money. V is called the transactions velocity of money and measures the rate at 
which money circulates in the economy. In other words, V tells us the number of times a 
given currency (i.e., Rs.) changes hands in a given period of time. Each side of the equation 
gives the money value of total transactions during a given period. 
For example, suppose that 500 loaves of bread are sold in a given year at Rs.10 per loaf. Then 
Q equals 500 loaves of bread per year and P equals Rs.10. Then total number of Rs. 
exchanged is 
PQ = Rs.10 per loaf of bread X 500 loaves per year = Rs. 5000. 
3.
Devraj, Monetary Economics: 68 


The right-hand side of the quantity equation 6.3 equals Rs. 5000 per year, which is the Rs. 
value of all transactions.
MV = PQ 
Rs.5000 = Rs.5000 
Suppose further that the quantity of money available in the economy (stock of money, 
M) is Rs.100. by rearranging the quantity equation 6.3, we get the value of velocity of money 
(V): 
MV = PQ 
V = 
6.4
V = Rs.5000/Rs.100 = 50 times a year 
That is, for Rs.5000 transactions per year to take place with Rs.100 of money, each Rs. must 
change hands 50 times per year. 
We get the value of V = 50, and M = Rs.100 (given) 
MV = PQ 
Rs.100 X 50 = Rs.10 X 500 
5000 = 5000
The equation of exchange, MV = PQ is an identity because it must be true that the quantity of 
money, times how many times it is used to buy goods equals the amount of goods times their 
price. Why is it then called a theory – a theory, which said that a change in the quantity of 
money will lead to an equi proportionate change in price level, P in the same direction?
The quantity theory of money aims at explaining the factors that determine the 
general price level in an economy. By rearranging the equation 6.3, we can get the price 
level, P 
MV = PQ 
P = 
6.5
P = Rs.5000/500 = Rs.10 per unit of commodity 
The Fisher’s equation is based on the two key assumptions: 
1.
Fisher viewed velocity as constant in the short run. This is because he felt that 
velocity is affected by institutions and technology that changes slowly over time. 


2.
Fisher, like all classical economists, believed that flexible wages and prices 
guaranteed output, Q, to be at its full employment level, so it was also constant in the 
short run 
With this assumption, now we will see how increase in quantity (or supply) of money 
increases price level in the economy. For example, if quantity of money, M increases 
from Rs.100 to Rs.200 and velocity, V and output, Q remains the same in the economy. 
Then
MV = PQ 
Rs.200 X 50 = P500 
Rs.10000 = P500 
P = Rs.10000/500
P =Rs.20 per unit of commodity 
According to QTM, if amount of money in an economy doubles; the price levels also 
doubles (inflation). For instance, earlier price was Rs.10 and when amount of money doubles 
keeping V and Q constant, price level also doubles (i.e., increases from Rs.10 to Rs.20). This 
equation implies that the quantity of money determines the price level; the price level, in turn, 
varies directly with the quantity of money, provided V and Q remain constant. 

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