By Judy Shelton
als. Velocity of the Fed’s broadest
money measure, M2, has fallen pre-
cipitously, from 1.806 in the fourth
quarter of 2008, before the Fed
launched its first round of quantita-
tive easing, to 1.134 in the fourth
quarter of 2020.
So will inflation now rise because
of the extraordinary monetary stim-
ulus aimed at coronavirus relief? “I
can tell you, we have the tools to
deal with that risk if it materializes,”
Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen told
CNN last month, sounding like a cen-
tral banker. “The most important
risk is that we leave workers and
communities scarred by the pan-
demic and the economic toll that it’s
taken.”
Ms. Yellen, who chaired the Fed
from 2014 to 2018, knows about the
tools. She was a Fed official through-
out the postcrisis period, when the
central bank enlarged its balance
sheet through massive
purchases of Treasury
securities. “We could
raise interest rates in
15 minutes if we have
to,” her predecessor,
Ben Bernanke, told
CBS’s “60 Minutes” in
December 2010. “So
there really is no prob-
lem with raising rates,
tightening monetary
policy, slowing the
economy, reducing in-
flation, at the appro-
priate time.”
Jerome Powell, Ms.
Yellen’s
successor,
likewise appears un-
daunted by inflation
risk. Speaking before
Congress last month,
he
highlighted
the
need to improve labor-
market
conditions,
noting that “the high
level of joblessness
has been especially se-
vere for lower-wage workers and for
African-Americans, Hispanics and
other minority groups.”
But the Fed has maneuvered itself
into an untenable policy position by
embracing a tolerance for inflation—
which hurts low-income workers the
most—that is anathema to its price-
stability mandate. If the objective is
to restore the pre-pandemic condi-
tions of high employment, increasing
wage gains and improved productiv-
ity—which particularly benefited mi-
norities—the Fed should refrain
from policies that discourage banks
from making loans to job-creating
small businesses. Productive busi-
ness growth, which was spurred by
tax cuts and deregulation under the
Trump administration, requires ac-
cess to credit.
Yet banks must now take into
consideration Mr. Powell’s testimony
that the Fed will continue to in-
2008 while readily ac-
commodating
the
Fed’s expressed satis-
faction with an “ample
reserves” regime. Bank
lending to small busi-
nesses has remained
low throughout the
postcrisis years, with
the largest declines in
small-business lending
at large banks, as
shown in a 2018 re-
port commissioned by
the Small Business Ad-
ministration.
The switch is un-
derstandable. The cost
of regulatory compli-
ance is a huge disin-
centive for banks, and
selling
government-
backed securities to
the Fed and piling up
reserves can turn out
to be a profitable busi-
ness model.
But the implications
for productive economic growth
should give pause to Fed officials,
who might ask themselves why
banks have chosen to retain reserve
balances in their Federal Reserve de-
pository accounts at sky-high levels,
$3.15 trillion at present, despite the
Fed’s elimination of all reserve re-
quirements in March 2020. If com-
mercial banks tapped those re-
serves—which are available to be
lent out—to provide funding to pri-
vate borrowers, it could facilitate ro-
bust growth.
Whether banks will increase pri-
vate lending, however, is a key factor
in determining inflation prospects.
Money growth is a function of both
money supply and velocity; when
banks make loans, putting credit
into the money supply, the number
of times one dollar is spent to buy
goods and services goes up as more
transactions occur between individu-
DA
VID
KLEIN
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