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CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 READING – TEST 1 –
ANSWERS
A CHRONICLE OF TIMEKEEPING
QUESTIONS 1-4: READING PASSAGE HAS EIGHT
PARAGRAPHS,
A-H
.
1. A DESCRIPTION OF AN EARLY TIMEKEEPING INVENTION
AFFECTED BY COLD TEMPERATURES.
Keywords:early, timekeeping, cold temperatures
In paragraph D, the writer indicates that “In order to track temporal hours during
the day, inventors
created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun‟s shadow. The sun
dial‟s
counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first
water clocks was a basin […]. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the
Mediterranean; they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and freezing weather of northern
Europe.”
– early~one of the first
– cold=freezing
=>ANSWER: D
2. AN
EXPLANATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CALENDAR IN FARMING
COMMUNITIES.
Keywords: geography, calendar, farming communities
In
paragraph B, the writer states that “Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had gr
eater
social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was
more
conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the l
ower
latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern c
limes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial.”
– farming=agriculture
=>ANSWER: B
3. A DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINS OF THE PENDULUM CLOCK
Keywords: origins,
pendulum clock
In paragraph F, the writer says that “By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the
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pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.”
=>ANSWER: F
4. DETAILS OF THE SIMULTANEOUS EFFORTS OF DIFFERENT
SOCIETIES TO CALCULATE TIME USING UNIFORM HOURS.
Keywords: calculate time, uniform hours
paragraph E, the writer says that “….in the early 14 century, a number of systems evolved. The
schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours
began at sunset, Babylonian
hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and „great clock‟ hours,
used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by
„small clock‟, or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at
midnight.” So, these efforts all occurred at around the same time (= simultaneously) in the early
14th century, based on 24 equal parts (= uniform hours) in different countries (= different societies).
=>ANSWER: E
QUESTIONS 5-8: LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING EVENTS
(QUESTIONS
5-8
) AND THE LIST OF NATIONALITIES BELOW.
5. THEY DEVISED A CIVIL CALENDAR IN WHICH THE MONTHS WERE
EQUAL IN LENGTH.
Keywords: a civil calendar, months, equal in length
In paragraph C, the writer explains that “Centuries
before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians h
ad formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate
the solar year.” Therefore, the Egyptians devised this calendar.
– devised=formulated
– civil=municipal
– he months were equal in length ~ 12 months of 30 days
=>ANSWER: B
6. THEY DIVIDED THE DAY INTO TWO EQUAL HALVES
Keywords: divided, two equal halves
In paragraph E, the writer indicates that “Eventually, these were superseded by „small clock‟,
or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.”
– divided=split
– two equal halves ~ two 12-hour periods
=>ANSWER: F
7. THEY DEVELOPED A NEW CABINET SHAPE FOR A TYPE OF
TIMEKEEPER.
Keywords: new, cabinet shape, timekeeper.
In
paragraph G, the writer says that in England in 1670, the invention of the anchor escapem
ent enabled the pendulum
to travel in a very small arc, which means that it moved only a short
distance. So a long pendulum which beat once every second could be used “….and thus led to the
development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather
clock.‟ So, this grandfather clock, a type of timekeeper, stood on the floor, and the pendulum moved
inside the
tall case, shaped lack a cabinet.
=>ANSWER: D
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8. THEY CREATED A CALENDAR TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC EVENTS AND
WORK SCHEDULES.
Keywords: calendar, organize public events, work schedules
In the first paragraph, the writer says that “the Babylonians began to measure time, introducin
g calendars to co-
ordinate communal activities, to
plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate
planting and harvesting.”
– organize public events = co-ordinate communal activities
=>ANSWER: A
QUESTIONS 9-13: LABEL THE DIAGRAM BELOW.
9-13. HOW THE 1670 LEVER-BASED DEVICE WORKED
Keywords: 1670, lever-based device. Thus, all the answers will be found in paragraph G.
9. ESCAPEMENT (RESEMBLING…..)
In paragraph G, the writer says that “It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based
device shaped like a ship‟s anchor”
– resembling=be shaped like
=>ANSWER: (ship‟s) anchor
10. THE…..
11.THE……
In paragraph G, the writer explains that “The motion of a pendulum rocks this device (escapement) so
that it catches and releases each tooth of the escape wheel.”
=>ANSWER: 10.(escape) wheel 11. tooth
12-13. A 12…..WHICH BEATS EACH 13…..
In paragraph G, the writer says that “Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long
pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing
case design.”
=>ANSWER: 12. (long) pendulum 13. second
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