172
In paragraph C, the writer writes that “a restricted life span, ageing, and then death are basic
characteristics of life”. The reason is that “in nature, the existent organisms either adapt or are
regularly replaced by new types… it needs room for new and better
life”. That means when an organism dies/ is replaced by new types, because of changes in the
genetic material, they have new characteristics, and in the course of their
individual lives they are
tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions. => This is the benefit of dying.
=> ANSWER: ii – Why dying is beneficial
29. PARAGRAPH D
In paragraph D, the writer states that “Although more and more people attain an
advanced age as a result of developments in medical care and better nutrition, the
characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years”.
This means that though there are developments/improvements in life [better nutrition, medical
care], the lifespan is still stable/ remains [80 years]
– developments = improvements
– stable = remain
=>ANSWER: vii – A stable lifespan despite improvement
30. PARAGRAPH E
In paragraph E: “If a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it is
logically necessary to propose the
existence of an internal clock, which in some way
measures and controls the ageing process and which finally determines death as the last
step in a fixed program”. This means that we should think of the ageing process in the same
way as an internal, biological clock functioning until death.
– an internal clock = biological clock
=> ANSWER: i – The biological clock
31. PARAGRAPH F
The main idea of paragraph F is the effect of energy consumption on life span. “Animals which save
energy….live much longer than those which are always active”.
For example, animals like crocodiles and tortoises which behave „frugally‟ with energy/ do
not use up a lot of energy, and live for a long time. Compared with men,
women also
behave more frugally with energy – they use less of it~they have a lower metabolic
rate. Therefore, people or animals consuming a lot of energy have an intensive life, but not a
long life.
– frugally: in a way that uses only as much food or energy as is necessary
=> ANSWER: viii – Energy consumption
32. PARAGRAPH G
In paragraph G, “It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend
life”. This means that using less energy can extend/prolong life. “Each of us can develop his or her
own „energy-saving programme‟…..Experience shows that to live in this way not only increases the
life span but is also very healthy”.
– extend = prolonging
=> ANSWER: iv – Prolonging your life
QUESTIONS 33 – 36
173
33.& 34. OBJECTS AGE IN ACCORDANCE WITH PRINCIPLES OF…. AND
OF…..
Key words: objects, principles of
In paragraph B, “Ageing in this case [ageing of objects] must occur according to
the laws of physical
chemistry and of thermodynamics”
– in accordance with = according to
– principles = laws
=> ANSWER: Physical chemistry, thermodynamics
35. THROUGH MUTATIONS, ORGANISMS CAN… BETTER TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
Key words: mutations, organisms, environment
In paragraph C: “Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations) these
[organisms] have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are
tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions”. This means
that,
thanks to mutations, organisms have new characteristics which may allow them to adapt
better to the environment.
Though from the text „adaptation‟ is in noun form, in the question, after „can‟ we need a verb,
so we must change “:adaptation‟ => adapt
– environment = environmental conditions
=>ANSWER: adapt
36. … WOULD POSE A SERIOUS PROBLEM FOR THE THEORY OF
EVOLUTION.
Key words: pose, serious problem, theory of evolution.
In paragraph C: “Immortality would disturb this system – it needs room for new and better life. This is
the basic problem of evolution”. Immortality poses a problem for evolution – there would be no new
life with a possibility of better characteristics.
– immortality: that lives or lasts for ever
=> ANSWER: Immortality
QUESTIONS 37 – 40
37. THE WEAR AND TEAR THEORY APPLIES TO BOTH ARTIFICIAL
OBJECTS AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
Key words:
wear and tear theory, artificial objects and biological systems.
In paragraph A: “in this statement we think of artificially produced, technical objects
[artificial objects], products which are subjected to natural wear and tear during use”
=>when they are used, objects suffer from wear and tear~they become less
effective/damaged.
In the last sentence, the writer raises a question “But is the wear and tear and loss of
function of technical objects and the death of living organisms really similar or
comparable?” The wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects are questioned whet
her they are comparable to the death of living organisms.
In paragraph B, the writer answers this question. Organisms are different because the
“material of which the organism is formed changes continuously”.
– biological system = living organisms
=> ANSWER: NO
174
38. IN
PRINCIPLE, IT IS POSSIBLE FOR A BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM TO
BECOME OLDER WITHOUT AGEING
Key words: principle, possible, biological system, become older without ageing
In paragraph B: “At least as long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself it
could actually become older without ageing” => A biological system can become older without
ageing.
=>ANSWER: YES
39. WITHIN SEVEN YEARS, ABOUT 90 PER CENT OF A HUMAN BODY IS
REPLACED AS NEW.
Key words: seven years, 90 per cent of human body, replaced as new
There is no information in the passage relating to „seven years‟, or 90
per cent
=>ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
40. CONSERVING ENERGY MAY HELP TO EXTEND A HUMAN‟S LIFE.
Key words: conserving energy, extend, life
In paragraph G, “It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend
life”. => That means saving energy can help people live longer.
– conserving energy = sparing use of energy reserves
=>ANSWER: YES
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
