Cambridge Grammar of English Hardback with cd-rom a comprehensive Guide
The most typical form is to say, for example, that a room is twelve feet by
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Cambridge grammar of English
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The most typical form is to say, for example, that a room is twelve feet by fifteen feet, or that a garden is thirty metres by forty-eight metres. A room twelve feet by twelve feet can be called twelve feet square; the total area is 144 square feet. SPOKEN CALCULATIONS 522 SPEAKING
Some of the most frequent ways of speaking calculations aloud are: 2 2 4 Two and two is/are four. (informal) Two plus two equals/is four. (formal) 9 4 5 Four from nine is/leaves five. (informal) Nine take away four is/leaves five. (informal) Nine minus four equals/is five. (formal) 5 4 20 Five fours are twenty. (informal) Five times four is twenty. (informal) Five multiplied by four equals/is twenty. (formal) 15 3 5 Three(s) into fifteen goes five (times). (informal) Fifteen divided by three equals/is five. (formal) ROMAN NUMERALS 523 Roman numerals are used for the following main purposes: names of centuries, kings and queens, page numbers in introductions and prefaces to books, and the numbers of sections or sub-sections to documents, especially legal documents. 1
10
x 40
2
11
xi 45
3
12
50
4
iv 13
60
5
v 14
90
6
vi 19
100
7
20
500
D 8
21
1000
M 9
ix 30
1998
Appendix: Numbers | 865 The church dates to the time of Henry II. It was best known as a XVI century map of the world. Please see pages vii and xii. Spoken forms of 0 524 0 is usually said as nought in decimal numbers where it occurs before the decimal point: 0.455 litres (nought point four five five litres) American English prefers zero, and this is becoming more common in British English too:
(zero point eight eight five centimetres) 0 is typically said as oh where it occurs after a decimal point and in a wide range of numbers such as telephone numbers, addresses, years: 7.05 seconds (seven point oh five) She lives at 205 Hills Avenue. (two oh five) His phone number is 470503. (four seven oh five oh three) She was born in 1908. (nineteen oh eight) Car registration number Y205 CNA (two oh/zero five) In giving the scores of sports games, other words are used:
football: Valencia lost 1–0. (one nil) ● tennis:
Klisters leads Williams 40–0 in the first game of the second set. (forty love) ● American team sports: [American football]
(seven nothing or seven to nothing or seven zip – ‘zip’ is informal American English) [baseball]
In measurements of temperature, zero is more common but nought is possible: Zero degrees Celsius is thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit. 866 | Appendix: Numbers Cambridge Grammar of English
Singular forms with plural meanings 525 After an expression of number, dozen, hundred, thousand, million and billion have no final -s, and of is not used: five hundred pounds hundreds of pounds several thousand times It cost thousands. a few million years millions of years Singular forms are used as modifiers before nouns in plural measuring expressions: a five-pound note a three-mile walk six two-hour lessons a three-month-old baby a four-foot-deep hole a six-foot-tall man In an informal style, foot is often used instead of feet, especially with reference to people’s height:
Appendix: Numbers | 867 868 | Appendix: Referring to the time TELLING THE TIME
There are two common ways of saying what the time is: 6.05
6.10
ten past six or six ten 6.15
(a) quarter past six or six fifteen 6.20
twenty past six or six twenty 6.25
twenty-five past six or six twenty-five 6.30
half past six or six thirty 6.35
twenty-five to seven or six thirty-five 6.40
twenty to seven or six forty 6.45
(a) quarter to seven or six forty-five 6.50
ten to seven or six fifty 6.55
five to seven or six fifty-five 7.00
seven o’clock Most speakers prefer to say minutes past/to for times between the five minute divisions (seven minutes past six, four minutes to seven). In informal speech, past is often dropped from half past: Okay, see you at half four. (4.30
not 3.30) If the hour is understood, then just half past or quarter to are used in informal speech:
The expression o’clock is only used at the hour: The first meeting is at seven (o’clock). Wake me at ten past six. (Wake me at ten past six o’clock.) O’clock is often omitted in informal contexts when referring to the hour: The concert starts at seven. In American English, and increasingly in internet communication, colons are used to mark clock time (3:40, 10:05, 13:25).
The twenty-four-hour clock 526a
The twenty-four-hour clock is used mainly in transport timetables and official announcements. In everyday conversation, people usually use the twelve-hour clock: [reading a rail timetable] The last train leaves at 22.20. (twenty-two twenty) Check-in time is a quarter past six in the morning. (preferred form in informal contexts) [public announcement at a railway station]
When using the twenty-four-hour clock, times on the hour are normally pronounced as follows:
(17.00)
In public announcements, the following pronunciations of numbers are common: The oh nine hundred service is delayed and will now depart at oh nine fifteen. (09.00 and 09.15) Times can be indicated by using in the morning/afternoon/evening. In a more formal style, am (Latin ante meridiem = ‘before midday’) and pm (post meridiem = ‘after midday’) are used: 07.00 = seven o’clock in the morning or seven am 19.00 = seven o’clock in the evening or seven pm Note that punctuation is normally omitted in am and pm. 12.00 can mean at midnight or at midday. This is commonly distinguished by reference to 12.00 noon and 12.00 midnight (spoken as twelve noon and twelve midnight). Û 539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms Appendix: Referring to the time | 869 870 | Appendix: Units of measurement NON-METRIC MEASURES
Metric measurement units are increasingly used in the United Kingdom, but non-metric measures are also still widely used, especially by older people who still use the older system of imperial units such as pounds, feet and gallons. Below are some of the common terms along with their approximate values in the metric system. Some of the units have the same names but mean different quantities in the UK and the USA. The international system of metric measurements is not commonly used in the USA. Approximate values of non-metric units 527a
Units of length and distance and their abbreviations 1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimetres (cm) 1 foot (ft) = 30 cm 1 yard (yd) = 90 cm 5 miles (m) = 8 kilometres (km) Inches and feet are sometimes indicated in writing with ’ for feet and ” for inches: The living room is 9’8” by 15’6”. (nine feet eight inches by fifteen feet six inches) Units of area
Units of weight 1 ounce (oz) = 28 g 1 pound (lb) = 450 g 14 pounds = (Br) 1 stone = 6.4 kg 1 ton = (Br) 1 tonne = (Am) 0.9 tonnes Units of volume and capacity 1 cubic centimetre (cc) = 0.0610 cubic inch (cu in) There are 8 pints in a gallon: British
American 1 pint (pt) 0.6 litres 0.5 litres 1 gallon (gall) 4.5 litres 3.8 litres Units of temperature Except in the USA, temperatures are now more commonly given in degrees Celsius (°C, sometimes called centigrade) than degrees Fahrenheit (°F): °F °C
32 0 warm room 70 20 hot day 85 30 body temperature 98 37 boiling water 212 100
Usage 527b
Personal weight and height British English speakers usually measure their personal weight in stones and pounds. American English speakers just use pounds. Stone is not commonly used in the plural. The word pounds is typically omitted in informal contexts: I weigh eight stone six. (I weigh eight stones six.) He’s overweight. He needs to lose a couple of stone. Personal height is measured in feet and inches, with the word inches usually omitted in informal contexts. Foot is normally preferred to feet (
):
Height The height of buildings and other structures, tall plants and trees, altitude and elevation above sea level are typically measured in feet (but increasingly in metres for elevation above sea level): We will soon be climbing to an altitude of 39,000 feet. That tree was only about four feet tall when we planted it. Distance
Distance can also be measured in feet, but longer distances along the ground are measured in yards and miles: I was standing about six feet away from the Prime Minister. The car park’s straight on, about 500 yards on the right. From here to the airport is about 35 miles. Û 539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms Appendix: Units of measurement | 871 872 | Appendix: Nationalities, countries and regions INTRODUCTION
Referring to a nation or region and its affairs normally requires four words: ● The name of the country or region: Sweden, Japan, France, Venezuela, Asia ● The adjective: Swedish, Japanese, French, Venezuelan, Asian ● The singular noun used for a person from the country or region: a Swede, a Japanese, a Frenchman/woman, a Venezuelan, an Asian ● The plural expression the … used for the population as a whole: the Swedes, the Japanese, the French, the Venezuelans, the Asians The name of a national language is commonly the same as the national adjective. In this case the words are nouns and may be modified by adjectives. The definite article the is not used, nor is the word language: Do you speak Hungarian? (Do you speak the Hungarian?) (Do you speak Hungarian language?)
The singular noun is normally the same as the adjective (e.g. Japanese, Moroccan), and the plural expression is the same as the adjective + -s (e.g. the Moroccans). All words of this kind (including adjectives) begin with capital letters: He has a degree in American literature. (He has a degree in american literature.) Examples of countries and regions, and associated adjectives and nouns 528a
country/region adjective person population America/USA American an American the Americans Belgium Belgian a Belgian the Belgians Brazil Brazilian a Brazilian the Brazilians China Chinese a Chinese the Chinese The Congo Congolese a Congolese the Congolese Europe European a European the Europeans Greece Greek a Greek the Greeks Hungary Hungarian a Hungarian the Hungarians Iraq Iraqi an Iraqi the Iraqis Israel Israeli an Israeli the Israelis Italy Italian an Italian the Italians Kenya Kenyan a Kenyan the Kenyans Mexico Mexican a Mexican the Mexicans Malaysia Malaysian a Malaysian the Malayisans Norway Norwegian a Norwegian the Norwegians Portugal Portuguese a Portuguese the Portuguese Russia Russian a Russian the Russians Slovakia Slovakian a Slovak the Slovaks Thailand Thai a Thai the Thais Some main exceptions 528b country/region adjective person
population Britain British a British man/ the British woman/person (more formally: a Briton) Denmark Danish a Dane the Danes England English an Englishman the English woman/person Finland Finnish a Finn the Finns France French a Frenchman/ the French woman/person Holland/ Dutch a Dutchwoman/ the Dutch The Netherlands man/person Ireland Irish an Irishman/ the Irish woman/person New Zealand New Zealand a New Zealander the New Zealanders Poland Polish a Pole the Poles Scotland Scottish a Scot the Scots Spain Spanish a Spaniard the Spanish Sweden Swedish a Swede the Swedes Turkey Turkish a Turk the Turks Wales Welsh a Welshman/ the Welsh woman/person Û 539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms Appendix: Nationalities, countries and regions | 873 Further information 1 English referring to population is not the same as British; it is not used for Scottish or Welsh or Northern Irish people. 2 The word Briton is unusual except in newspaper headlines ( T WELVE BRITONS INJURED IN COACH COLLI SION ). The noun Brit (the Brits) is sometimes used informally. Most British people call themselves Scottish, Welsh or English.
counties of Northern Ireland. Some people from Northern Ireland refer to themselves as British in the context of the United Kingdom of Britain and
Irish nationality and can hold an Irish passport. Irish also refers to citizens of the Irish Republic.
compounds Scotsman/Scotswoman. The adjective Scotch is normally only used to refer to food and drink from Scotland (Scotch broth, Scotch egg).
States, its citizens and affairs, people from other parts of the north and south American continent may object to this use. It is sometimes avoided for these reasons. It is more usual to say: She’s a US citizen; I’ve got some US dollars to change. 6 In Arabic countries, the language spoken is referred to as Arabic. In spoken expressions and some names of places the word Arabian is used (e.g. The Arabian Gulf; Saudi Arabian; Arabian Nights). 7 The mostly monosyllabic non-compound words listed above under person (Dane, Spaniard) are normally avoided when referring to a woman (a Danish woman, a Spanish woman are preferred). 874 | Appendix: Nationalities, countries and regions Cambridge Grammar of English
| 875 Appendix: Irregular verbs INTRODUCTION 529 With some irregular verbs, there is a choice of past form and -ed participle. Table of irregular verbs 529a base form past form -ed participle arise awake bear beat become begin bend bet bind bite bleed blow break breed bring build burst burn buy cast catch choose cling come arose awoke bore beat became began bent bet bound bit bled blew broke bred brought built burst burnt/burned bought cast caught chose clung came arisen awoken borne beaten become begun bent bet bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought built burst burnt/burned bought cast caught chosen clung come base form past form -ed participle 876 | Appendix: Irregular verbs Cambridge Grammar of English cost creep cut deal dig draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbear forbid forget forgive forsake forswear freeze get give go grind grow hear hide hit cost crept cut dealt dug drew dreamt/dreamed drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbore forbade forgot forgave forsook forswore froze got gave went ground grew heard hid hit cost crept cut dealt dug drawn dreamt/dreamed drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forborne forbidden forgotten forgiven forsaken forsworn frozen got given gone ground grown heard hidden hit |
Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha
yuklab olish