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Tam Pham Bang Le
ITS 380
Shin-Ping Tucker
November 1, 2019
CH8 Ethical, Social, and Political Issues in E-Commerce
Case Study – Are Big tech Firms Getting “Too Big”?
1. How does the first era of antitrust thinking (1890-1950s) differ from the second
era?
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 through the 1950s says that small firms and
entrepreneurs could enter markets, to define and prevent anti-competitive
practices; to protect consumers and other firms from exorbitant prices, and in
short, any behavior that resulted in a restraint of free trade. After the 1960s, the
major constructs of classical antitrust thinking and legislation-predatory pricing,
discriminatory pricing, and vertical integration-were no longer viewed as
problematic, but rather seen as advancing consumer interests by lowering prices.
This new thinking was directly opposite of earlier antitrust thinking and laws.
2. What is a "natural monopoly" and how has the United States dealt with natural
monopolies?
Where the very nature of the product and market required very large initial
capital investments with few rewards in the short term until a large scale was
attained, dominant firms were considered natural monopolies. Electrical and gas
utilities, telephone and cable systems, and railroads have very high initial
investments that can only be justified by capturing a large share of a market.
Often these firms are the first to develop a technology and achieve a first-mover
advantage. Natural monopolies create barriers to entry into a market simply by
virtue of the investment size required for new entrants, as well as other nearly
insurmountable advantages in efficiency, brand, and patents. In these cases,
legislatures have turned to regulation to control pricing and service levels in the
public interest, in addition to structural changes.
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3. What are three possible solutions to the market dominance and anti-competitive
behavior of Facebook, Google, and Amazon?
A first solution is to increase the review of proposed mergers with a view to
protecting innovative small firms from purchase if they result simply in the
dominant firm gaining larger audiences, and capturing more of the consumers'
time, denying this mindshare to competitors.
A second solution regarding existing monopolies would be to split them up into
stand-alone independent companies.
A third solution follows the European example of dealing with Big Tech mega-
firms. The EU is pursuing a regulatory model for Big Tech firms in a number of
areas such as antitrust, privacy, and taxation.
4. How does the European model of antitrust differ from the American model?
The European model of antitrust prevents abuse of power in its own way. The
European model is similar to the earlier period of American antitrust legislation,
that looked at the structure of market and competition, not just the consumers.
European model focuses on anti-competitive behavior and use of big fines for
violation of competitive laws and regulations.
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