Building Bridges

True/ False/ Not Given
Trees are the biggest living things on the earth.
The presenter read a scientific article about trees in her childhood and it changed her attitude towards trees.
The oldest living tree is in Egypt and it was growing when they built the Pyramids.
Bodhi is the original tree growing in Sri Lanka under which Buddha sheltered 2500 years ago.
Tree can teach us how competition is better for society than cooperation.
In some religions cutting tress is considered to bring bad luck.
Strong trees in a good position will share food and water with weaker trees that receive less sunlight
Trees that are grown in city conditions do not live as long as trees that grow in a natural environment.
A community of trees of the same species is stronger and more resistant to insects and diseases.
This 'tree-hugging' is believed to be good for stress, and helps you to feel more positive and calm.
LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES
Is 1_________ important? Here’s a question for you to answer. What have the following countries got in 2_________: Australia, 3_________, the United Kingdom, Iceland and Madagascar? Quite easy if you can 4_________ them on the 5_________ - they are all 6_________. Australia is so big that it’s almost a 7_________ by itself so you don’t think of it as an island, but of course all of these nations are 8_________ by sea. Now how about this question... What have these five 9_________ got in common? Hungary, Botswana, Kazakhstan, Paraguay and Liechtenstein. A bit more difficult to answer, but of course you’ve already read the title of this article. Yes, they are all 10_________. 11_________, in contrast to the first five countries whose 12_________ forms their 13_________, the second five have no coastline at all. If you are a Hungarian or a Paraguayan, you have to 14_________ somebody else’s country if you want to go to the beach. Liechtenstein is even more of a geographical 15_________; it is ‘16_________ landlocked’ because the countries that surround it - Austria and Switzerland are also landlocked. Lucky old Liechtensteiners. There is only one other country in the world in a similar 17_________, 18_________, which is surrounded by five other landlocked countries. Go and have a look at the 19_________ if you want to know which… So how do countries become landlocked? If you are Swiss or Nepalese, you have probably never thought things could be any other way. Switzerland’s 20_________, like the Himalayas, have formed a natural 21_________ for thousands of years. But there are borders and there are borders. Where one country ends and another begins is not something that is fixed for all time. Take Poland or the Democratic Republic of Congo, for example. They were landlocked at one time in their 22_________ but 23_________ to get the map changed so that a 24_________ of land gave them 25_________ to the sea. The Polish state created by the Treaty of Versailles after the First World War included a corridor of land to 26_________ it to the Baltic, because the rest of the coastline belonged to Germany. In Africa, Cabinda is still 27________ from the rest of Angola because the King of Belgium, the colonial power in Congo, insisted on a similar corridor at the Berlin Conference in 28________, the meeting which started the 29________ of the continent into nation states. Then there are countries like Ethiopia and Bolivia which did have a bit of coast but don’t any more. Does it matter? The Ethiopians are not happy that the 30________ of Eritrea means they now have to use another country’s 31_________, when before they had a long coastline on the Red Sea. Bolivia’s President is trying to get their 32________ Chile to give them some land so they can get to the Pacific like they did in the 33_________ century. The two countries haven’t spoken to each other for 34_________ years. But why does coastline 35_________ so much? Throughout history people have 36_________ to live near the sea, and not just for the fish. Sea means 37________, which means 38________. Think of the great 39________ of the past based around the Mediterranean or 40_________ cities like Singapore, New York or Hong Kong today. Russia has fought several wars over the centuries so that its ships could have access to the Baltic, the Black Sea and the Pacific. Not having coastline is not so 41_________ if you can get to somebody else’s seaport via a river. In Europe the landlocked Austrians can 42_________ the ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp or Marseilles by inland waterway, and of course they can use the River Danube to go east. The Czechs can go down the River Elbe to Hamburg, the Slovaks to Polish ports. Adam Smith said that European 43_________ only started in the 44_________ century because of the 45_________ of navigable rivers. In central Asia or Africa, however, having a river that takes you from the interior to the sea is very 46_________. And this seems to make all the difference. There are 47_________ landlocked countries in the world. The United Nations 48_________ 49________ of them (50____%) as developing; and all 51_______ one of these are in Africa or Asia. None of these thirty are major 52_________ of manufactured goods. Why? Some economists 53________that these countries pay between 54______and_______more in 55________ than 56________ nations. In Asia, it is not only transit routes but oil and gas 57________ that are affected if their neighbours decide to 58_________to let them pass through their 59_________ to get to the sea. So what can these countries do to 60________ the disadvantage of being landlocked? You can’t move mountains or make rivers, but perhaps other 61_________ can be improved. The United Nations has its own High Representative to look at ways of 62_________ cooperation from those countries that stand between the landlocked and the sea, most recently at an 63_________ meeting in Almaty, Kazakhstan in August 64________. The European Union gives money to help 65________ road and rail 66________ from the African interior to ports on the East and West coasts. And what about 67________ the map? Some African 68________ 69________ a second Berlin 70_________ to make Central African borders 71_________. If Western Europe can take away their borders, why not in other parts of the world? Geography, it seems, can make a big 72_________