Brief contents of the course

Glossary of the linguistic terms:

1. 
   denotate – денотат, предмет или явление действительности, с которым соотносится данная языковая единица.
   

Additional reading:

Блох М.Я. «Практикум по теоретической грамматике англ.яз.» – стр. 332 - 335

XXXIII. THE TRANSFORMATIONAL MODEL

Transformation is transition from one pattern of certain notional parts to another pattern of the same notional parts. Some sentence patterns are base patterns, others are their transforms. A question can be described as transformationally produced from a statement, a negation – from an affirmation.
You are fond of sport. - Are you fond of sport?
You are fond of sport. – You are not fond of sport.
Why are the directions of transition given in this way and not vice versa? Because the ordinary affirmative statement presents a positive expression of the fact, free of the speaker’s appraisals. It carries the propositional content, the cognitive content of the utterance. Proposition is the reflection of a state-of-affairs and consists of reference and predication. Reference is the denotation of a thing, person or idea. Predication assigns o property or relation to the denotated thing, person, idea.
Similarly, a composite sentence can be presented as dirived from two or more simple sentences:
He turned to the waiter. + The waiter stood in the doorway. – He turned to the waiter who stood in the doorway.
These transformational relations can be interpreted as regular derivation stages comparable to categorial form-making processes in morphology and word-building.
The initial basic elements of syntactic derivation are called kernel sentences. Structurally in coincides with elementary sentences, described in IC-model. But the pattern of the kernel sentence is the base of a paradigmatic derivation in the corresponding sentence pattern series. Syntactic derivation is paradigmatic production of more complex pattern construction out of kernel pattern constructions as structural bases.
I saw him come. It is produced from the two kernel sentences: I saw him + He came.