Branches of linguistics. Synchronic vs diachronic approaches to the language study. Lexicology – ‘the science of the word’ Lexicon

Translation loans (calques) are compound words or expressions formed from the elements existing in the English language according to the patterns of the source language; such loans came in handy when original words were hard to reproduce.

G Umgebung – E environment

Modern English names of the days of the week were also created on the pattern of Latin words as their literal translations and are the earliest examples of calques; have become regularly capitalised since the 17th c .

Monday (O.E. mōnan-dæʒ) < L. Lunae dies ‘day of the moon’;

Tuesday (O.E. tiwes-dæʒ) < L. Martis dies (Tiw – a Teutonic God corresponding to Roman Mars);

The term semantic loans is used to denote the development in an English word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language.

pioneer ‘one who goes before’ ← ‘a member of the young communist organisation’;

dream ‘joy, music’ (O.E.) ← ‘a vision during sleep’ (Sc.);
4. Types of borrowed elements in the English vocabulary. Etymological doublets, hybrids, international words, and folk etymology.