Branches of linguistics. Synchronic vs diachronic approaches to the language study. Lexicology – ‘the science of the word’

Anglo-American tradition: a form of expression peculiar to a language including separate words and word-groups (R. Glaeser, G. Knappe etc.)
Charles Bally
F. de Saussure’s disciple, the Geneva School of Linguistics;
introduced the term phraséologie in his book Précis de stylistique (1905);
considered phraseology a branch of stylistics.
Yevgeniy Polivanov
one of the founders of the Society for the Study of Poetic Language (ОПОЯЗ);
defined phraseology as a separate linguistic discipline.
A phraseological unit is a non-motivated word-group that cannot be freely made up in speech but is reproduced as a ready-made unit
idiomaticity
reproducibility
stability
predictability
inseparability
36. Approaches to the classifications of phraseological units in modern linguistics.
The Thematic Classification
Smith, Logan Pearsall (1865-1946), an American-born essayist and critic, and a notable writer on historical semantics.
English Idioms (1923), Words and Idioms (1925)
Phraseological units are classified according to their source of origin, i.e. source referring to the particular sphere of human activity, natural phenomena, domestic and wild animals, etc.; through time most of them develop metaphorical meaning;
Idioms related to the sea and the life of seamen: to be all at sea; to be in deep waters; to be in the same boat with sb; to sail through sth; to show one’s colours; to weather the storm; three sheets in the wind (sl) etc.
The Semantic Classification
The idea of the semantic classification of phraseological units was first advanced by the Swiss linguist Charles Bally.
This research work was carried out by Acad. V. V. Vinogradov in the field of Russian phraseology.
The underlying principle of the semantic classification is the degree of motivation (idiomaticity), i.e. the relationship existing between the meaning of the whole phraseological unit and the meaning of its components.
The degree of motivation correlates with the semantic unity (cohesion) of the phraseological unit, i.e. the possibility of changing the form or order of the components and substituting the whole by a single word.