Branches of linguistics. Synchronic vs diachronic approaches to the language study. Lexicology – ‘the science of the word’

Phraseological units:
ready-made
as a rule, no substitution
meaning is non-motivated (idiomatic)
the whole expression functions as a single syntactic unit
predictable
34. Free word-groups. Definition. Classifications.
A word-group is a combination of at least two meaningful words joined together according to the rules of a particular language.
According to the head-word:
Nominal, verbal, adjectival, statival, numerical, pronominal, adverbial
According to the type of connection:
Predicative
Non-predicative
-subordinate
-coordinate
According to the criterion of distribution, word-groups are classified into:
-exocentric, i.e. having the distribution different from either of its members, e.g. side by side, to grow smaller, kind to people etc.
-endocentric, i.e. having one central member functionally equivalent to the whole word-group, e.g. a red flower, bravery of all kinds etc.
Endocentric word-groups are further subdivided into:
-coordinative if they have the same distribution as two or more of its members, e.g. bread and butter; coffee, tea, and milk;
-subordinative if they have the same distribution as one of their members, e.g. fresh milk; very fresh.
This classification was elaborated by the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield in the book Language (1933).
35. Phraseological units: a variety of terms and the problem of definition. Characteristic features of phraseological units.
Origin of the term
Greek: phrásis ‘expression’ and lógos ‘study, department of knowledge’
Approaches to the definition
European tradition: a branch of linguistics that studies stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meanings (Ye. D. Polivanov, V. V. Vinogradov, A. V. Kunin etc.)