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Advice for good listening 
(a) 
Be prepared to listen
. Put yourself in the right frame of mind and be prepared to grasp the main 
concepts. 
(b) 
Be interested
. Make an effort to analyse the message for its relevance. 
(c) 
Keep an open mind
. Your own beliefs and prejudices can get in the way of what the other person 
is actually saying.
(d) 
Keep an ear open for the main ideas
. An awareness of how people generally structure their 
speech can help the process of understanding. Be able to distinguish between the thrust of the 
argument and the supporting evidence. 
(e) 
Listen critically
. This means trying to assess what the person is saying by identifying any 
assumptions, omissions and biases
. 
(f) 
Avoid distraction
. People have a natural attention curve, high at the beginning and end of an oral 
message, but sloping off in the middle. 
(g) 
Take notes
. However, note taking can be distracting. 
8.3.2 Non-verbal communication: body language 
The hidden messages in face-to-face communication can be a common cause for communication 
breakdown, as they cause decoding problems. Observe others in meetings, presentations, interviews or 
just talking in the bar. Notice the signs of boredom or disagreement, support and interest. Picking up 
these signals will help you improve your own communication skills. 
While watching others, also become more aware of yourself. Be aware of the signals you are sending 
and transmit only those you intend to. 
Non-verbal communication can be controlled and used for several purposes. 
(a) It 
can 
provide appropriate feedback 
to the sender of a message (a yawn, applause, clenched 
fists, fidgeting). 
(b) It 
can