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1
The learning process 
There are different schools of thought as to 
how people learn
. 
1.1 Approaches to learning theory 
There are different schools of learning theory which explain and describe how people learn. 
(a) 
Behaviourist psychology 
concentrates on the relationship between stimuli (input through the 
senses) and responses to those stimuli. 'Learning' is the formation of new connections between 
stimulus and response, on the basis of conditioning. We modify our responses in future according 
to whether the results of our behaviour in the past have been good or bad. 
(b) The 
cognitive approach 
argues that the human mind takes sensory information and imposes 
organisation and meaning on it: we interpret and rationalise. We use feedback information on the 
results of past behaviour to make rational decisions about whether to maintain successful 
behaviour or modify unsuccessful behaviour in future, according to our goals and our plans for 
reaching them. 
1.2 Lessons from learning theory 
Whichever approach it is based on, learning theory offers certain useful propositions for the design of 
effective training programmes
and the role of the human resources department in developing such 
program. 
Proposition 
Comment 
The individual should be 
motivated
to learn. 
The advantages of training should be made clear, according to the 
individual's motives – money, opportunity, valued skills or 
whatever. 
 EXAM FOCUS POINT 
'Training and development' contains a wide range of examinable topics. It could be linked with 
appraisal and performance management, where training needs are identified. 
BPP Tutor Toolkit Copy

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CHAPTER 16
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TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT