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The Sumgait Tragedy, 7.
34. See Anatol Lieven, The Baltic Revolution (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1994), 188–201.
35. Canetti, Crowds and Power, 55–56.
36. The suffragette Sylvia Pankhurst saw the violence. “There was a fierce
clamor for reprisals,” she wrote. “The meanest elements among the jingoes
worked up the first of the anti-German riots. These were deliberately organ
ized, in no sense a spontaneous popular outburst; but the prospect of looting
without fear of punishment made its appeal to certain sections of the poor and
ignorant. Many a home was wrecked; many a peaceable working family lost
its all. Stones were flung, children injured.” E. Sylvia Pankhurst, The Home
Front, A Mirror to Life in England During the World War (London: Hutchinson,
1932), 170.
37. Interview with Gukasian, 7 October 2000.
304
N OT E S TO C H A P T E R 3
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3
1. In this chapter, I have changed the names of most of the former Shusha
inhabitants to spare them any awkwardness.
2. Interview with Shugarian, 13 December 2000.
3. Interview with Galstian, 10 October 2000.
4. Interview with Abasov, 10 November 2000.
5. Interview with Sarkisian, 15 December 2000.
6. Interview with Kocharian, 25 May 2000.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
1. Interview with Kharchenko, 4 December 2000.
2. An additional explanation for the name Krunk is that in Russian its ini
tials spell out the words “Committee for the Revolutionary Administration of
Nagorny Karabakh.”
3. Babken Araktsian, Ashot Manucharian, Vazgen Manukian, and Levon
Ter-Petrosian.
4. Interview with Manukian, 5 May 2000.
5. Interview with Ter-Petrosian, 24 May 2000.
6. Russian Archives Project, Fond 89, Reel 1.003, 89/42/19.
7. Interview with Girenko, 2 June 2000.
8. Russian Archives Project, Fond 89, Reel 1.003, 89/42/18.
9. Interview with Yakovlev, 8 December 2000. In his memoirs, Ligachev
says that he agreed with what he said in Baku with Gorbachev; Ligachev, Inside
Gorbachev’s Kremlin, 173.
10. Interview with Mikhailov, 5 December 2000.
11. Georgy Shakhnazarov, Tsena Svobody [The price of freedom], 212.
12. Quoted in Vladimir Grigorian, Armenia 1988–1989, (Yerevan, 1999), 118.
13. Malkasian, Gha-ra-bagh!, 116–117.
14. The ANM was known in Armenia by the initials HHK, and in Russia
by the initials AOD.
15. According to the statistical calculations of Arif Yunusov, 186,000 Azer
baijanis and 18,000 Muslim Kurds fled Armenia for Azerbaijan, and 7,000 Mus
lim Kurds later left for Russia. Arif Yunusov, “Migratsionnye potoki—oborot
naya storona nezavisimosti” [Migration flows—the reverse side of independ
ence], in Rossiya i Zavkaz’ye: realii nezavisimosti i novoye partnyorstvo [Russia and
the Transcaucasus: The realities of independence and new parnership] (Mos
cow: Finstatinform, 2000), 108.
16. Interview with Stepanian, 28 April 2000.
17. As related by Gurgen Boyajian in an interview on 26 September 2000.
This story could not be confirmed.
N OT E S TO C H A P T E R 5
305
18. Bakatin, Doroga v Proshedshem Vremeni [Road in the past tense], 146.
19. Arif Yunusov, “Pogromy v Armenii v 1988–1989 Godakh” [Pogroms in
Armenia in 1988–1989], Ekspress-Khronika 9 (186), 26 February 1991.
20. Ibid.
21. Rost, Armenian Tragedy, 192.
22. On scenes of celebrations in Baku, see Alexander Lebed, Za derzhavu
obidno [Ashamed for the fatherland] (Moscow: Moskovskaya Pravda, 1995),
255–256.
23. Interview with Loshak, 6 December 2000.
24. Interview with Gazarian, 22 May 2000.
25. Shakhnazarov, Tsena Svobody [The price of freedom], 216.
26. On 11 December 1988. Roxburgh, Second Russian Revolution, 123.
27. Relative to the conditions of other Soviet prisoners, the Karabakh
Committee lived relatively well. Levon Ter-Petrosian, for example, shared a
large cell in the Matrosskaya Tishina (Sailors’ rest) Prison with one other in-
mate, a dissident party leader from Bukhara in Central Asia. In August 1991,
the same cell was given to the coup plotter and head of the KGB, Vladimir
Kryuchkov.
28. Interview with Bonner by telephone, 17 September 2000.
29. Interview with Alizade, 9 June 2000.
30. Interview with Volsky, 1 June 2000.
31. Interview with Nefyodov, 7 December 2000. Andrei Pralnikov, “NKAO:
Budni osobogo upravleniya” Moskovskiye Novosti, no. 45, 5 November 1989,
reprinted in Glazami nezavisimykh Nablyudatelei [Through the eyes of independ
ent observers], 123–124.
32. Interview with Byrkin, 1 June 2000.
33. Interview with Yesayan, 5 October 2000.
34. This summary of the Khojali events comes from the accounts of it in
Malkasian, Gha-ra-bagh!; Rost, Armenian Tragedy; and Khronika NKAO.
35. Russian Archives Project, Fond 89, Reel 1.991, 89/10/42.
36. Interview with Manucharian, 4 May 2000.
37. Le Figaro, 26 July 1989.
38. Interview with Ter-Petrosian, 24 May 2000.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5
1. Villari, Fire and Sword in the Caucasus, 223–224.
2. Curtis, Around the Black Sea, 148.
3. The Russian civil servant I. Shopen did a detailed survey of the new
“Armyanskaya Oblast,” or “Armenian Region,” between 1829 and 1832. He
counted a population of 164,000, which was almost exactly half Armenian and
half Shiite Muslim. Of the Armenians, 25,000 were indigenous and 57,000 were
306
N OT E S TO C H A P T E R 5
immigrants. I. Shopen, Istorichesky Pamyatnik Sostoyaniya Armyanksoi Oblasti v
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