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Setting permissions on files and 
directories
In this section, all the user management we've done in this chapter so far all comes 
together. We've learned how to add accounts, manage accounts, and secure them, 
but we haven't actually done any work regarding managing the resources as 
far as who is able to access them. In this section, I'll give you a brief overview of 
how permissions work in Ubuntu Server and then I'll provide some examples for 
customizing them.
Viewing permissions
I'm sure by now that you understand how to list the contents of a directory with the 
ls
 command. When it comes to viewing permissions, the 
-l
 flag is especially handy, 
as the output that the long listing provides allows us to view the permissions of an 
object:
ls -l
The following are some example, hypothetical file listings:
-rw-rw-rw- 1 doctor   5        Jan 11   12:52 welcome 
-rw-r--r-- 1 root     root   665      Feb 19   2014 profile 
-rwxr-xr-x 1 dalek   dalek   35125    Nov  7   2013 exterminate 

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Managing Users and Permissions