Biologik kimyo

1-bob. Oqsillarning tuzilishi va vazifalari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	..........
15
1.1. Oqsillarning umumiy tavsifi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	..........	15
1.2.Aminokislotalarning tuzilishi va xossalari. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	..........	21
1.3. Oqsillarning struktura darajalari. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	..........	30
1.4. Oqsillarning fizik-kimyoviy xossalari. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	..........	47
1.5. Oqsillarning tasnifi, nomlanishi va vazifalari. . . . . . . . . . . . .	..........	60
2-bob. Murakkab oqsillar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		69
3-bob. Fermentlar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		82
3.1. Fermentlarning strukturasi, funktsional tuzilishi va ta’sir etish		82
mexanizmi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...........
3.2. Fermentativ reaktsiyalar kinetikasi. Fermentlar faolligini boshqarilishi.		100
3.3. Fermentlarning tasnifi va tavsifi. Fermentlarni amaliyotda dori-darmon		118
sifatida qo`llanilishi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-bob. Nuklein kislotalar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .		136
4.1. Nuklein kislotalar, tuzilishi va vazifalari. Nuklein kislotalarining fizik-		136
kimyoviy xossalari. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	..........
4.2. Genetik axborotning ko`chirilish turlari. Replikatsiya va transkriptsiya		154
mexanizmlari. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3. Oqsillar biosintezi - translyatsiya. Genetik kod va uning xossalari. . . . . .		170
4.4. Nuklein kislotalar, oqsil sintezining stimulyator va	ingibitorlari.	180
Mutatsiya va uning turlari. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5. Oqsillar biosintezini boshqarilishi. Molekulyar kasalliklar. . . . . . . . . . . .		189

585

5-bob. Modda va energiya almashinuvi ……………………………………		200
5.1.	Katabоlizm va anabоlizm ………………………………………………...	201
5.2.	Biokimyoviy reaktsiyalar energetikasi (organizmda energiya
	almashinuvi) ……………………………………………………………... 204
5.3.	Yuqori energiyali (makroergik) birikmalar ………………………………	206
6-bob. Bioenergetika ………………………………………………………...		209
6.1.	Energiyaning biokimyoviy jarayonlarga o`tkazilishi ……………………. 210
6.2.	Biologik oksidlanish ……………………………………………………..	211
6.3.	Biologik oksidlanish ta’limotining qisqacha tarixi ………………………	214
6.4.	Nafas оlish zanjirining strukturasi va funktsiyasi ………………………..	215
6.5.	Mitоxоndriyaning tuzilishi ……………………………………………….	223
6.6.	Pirоuzum kislotasini оksidlanish yo’li bilan dеkarbоksillanishi………….	225
6.7.	Krеbs sikli va uning biоlоgik ahamiyati …………………………………	228
6.8.	Oksidlanishli fosforlanish ………………………………………………... 235
6.9.	Nafas olish va fosforlanish ingibitorlari………………………………….. 236
6.10. Nafas olish zanjirida energiyaning chiqishi …………………………….		236
6.11. Oksidlanishli fosforlanish mexanizmi ………………………………….. 237
6.12. Substratli fosforlanish …………………………………………………... 241
6.13. Mitoxondriyada nafas olish va fosforlanish tutashuvining mexanizmi…. 243
6.14. Biologik oksidlanish reaktsiyalarida kislorodning iste’mol qilinish		247
	yo`llari …………………………………………………………………..
7-bob. Uglevodlar kimyosi. Uglevodlarni umumiy tasnifi ………………... 250
7.1.	Uglevodlar tasnifi ………………………………………………………... 251
7.2.	Hazm qilish mехanizmlari. Hazm qilish yo`llari fеrmеntlarining tavsifi...	269
7.3.	Uglevodlarning hazm bo`lish mexanizmi………………………………...	261
7.4.	Uglevodlar hazm bo’lishi oxirgi mahsulotlarini ichaklarda so’rilishi…..	262
7.5.	Oddiy qandlar almashinuvi ……………………………………………… 263

8-bob. Uglevodlar metabolizmi ……………………………………………..		265
8.1.	Glikoliz – glyukozani parchalanishi ……………………………………... 266
8.2.	Glikolizning energetik balansi va biologik vazifalari …………………… 276
8.3.	Energiyani anaerob hosil bo`lishi ……………………………………..	279

586

8.4. Piruvat ishtirokida kechadigan reaktsiyalar ……………………………...	282
8.5.Pеntozofosfatli stikl………………………………………………………..	284
8.6.Pentozofosfat stiklining biologik funktsiyasi……………………………...	289
8.7. Pentozofosfatli stikl va glikolizning o’zaro bog’liqligi ………………….	290
8.8. To’qimalarda uglevodlar biosintezi. Glyukоnеоgеnеz – glyukоzani	292
sintezi ……………………………………………………………………..
8.9. Glyukоnеоgеnеzda uglеvоd bo’lmagan manbalar ……………………….	295
8.10. Glikoliz va glikogenolizning asosiy molekulyar mexanizmlari ………...	296
8.11. Glikogenoliz – glikogenni parchalanishi ……………………………….	297
8.12. Glikogenogenez – glikogеnni sintеzi ………………………………...	300
8.13. Jigar uglеvodlarini almashinuvi…………………………………………	304
8.14. Organizmda uglevodlar almashinuvini boshqarilishi…………………	304
8.15. Uglеvodlar almashinuvining patologiyasi……………………………….	308
9-bob. Lipidlar kimyosi. Lipidlarni umumiy tasnifi ………………………	310
9.1. Oddiy lipidlar. Yog’ kislotalari…………………………………………...	310
9.2. Mumlar …………………………………………………………………...	312
9.3. Sterinlar va steridlar……………………………………………………...	314
9.4. Triglitseridlar……………………………………………………………...	315
9.5. Murakkab lipidlar. Fosfolipidlar………………………………………….	316
9.6. Glitserofosfolipidlar………………………………………………………	317
9.7. Sfingolipidlar……………………………………………………………...	318
9.8. Glikolipidlar ……………………………………………………………...	322
9.9. lipidlarning asosiy biologik vazifasi…………………………………….	323