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Bog'liq
“Образавание и наука в ХХI веке” ISSN2658-7998. 2021.

Theory of learning
In contrast to the amount that has been written in Communicative Language 
Teaching literature about communicative dimensions of language, little has been 
written about learning theory. Neither Brumfit and Johnson (1979) nor Littlewood 
(1981), for example, offers any discussion of learning theory. Elements of an 
underlying learning theory can be discerned in some CLT practices, however. One 
such element might be described as the communication principle: 
Activities that 


104 
involve real communication promote learning
. A second element is the task 
principle: 
Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful 
tasks promote learning
(Johnson 1982). A third element is the meaningfulness 
principle: 
Language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning 
process
. Learning activities are consequently selected according to how well they 
engage the learner in meaningful and authentic language use (rather than merely 
mechanical practice of language patterns). These principles, we suggest, can be 
inferred from CLT practices (e.g., Little-wood 1981; Johnson 1982). They address 
the conditions needed to promote second language learning, rather than the 
processes of language acquisition. 
More recent accounts of Communicative Language Teaching, however, have 
attempted to describe theories of language learning processes that are compatible 
with the communicative approach. Savignon (1983) surveys second language 
acquisition research as a source for learning theories and considers the role of 
linguistic, social, cognitive, and individual variables in language acquisition. Other 
theorists (e.g., Stephen Krashen, who is not directly associated with 
Communicative Language Teaching) have developed 

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