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Bog'liq grammar
Hardly anybody passed the exam .It was really difficult .
IN INTERROGATIVE –SOME OR ANY ?
Some olmoshi so’roq gaplarda mavjudligi ma’lum yoki mavjud deya hayol qilingan nars yoki shaxs haqida gapirilganda
ishlatiladi.
Are you waiting for somebody ?(you know he or she is waiting for somebody)
Some olmoshi biron nimani taklif qilish yoki so’rab olishda ishlatiladi.
Would you like something to eat? (if you want I have something to eat now)
Can I have some sugar please ?(there is sugar and you want some )
Agar shaxs yoki narsaning mavjud yoki mavjud emasligi so’rovchiga noma’lum bo’lsa bunday so’roq gaplarda any
ishlatiladi .
Have you got any books? I’m really bored .
I can’t find my bag .Has anybody seen it ?
If li gaplarda any ishlatiladi .
If there are any questions for me , please ask now.
If there are any email for me ,please send it to my office.
Bazi gaplarda if qatnashmasa ham shart mazmuni borligi uchun any ishlatiladi .
Shrink
Spread
Steal
Knit
Throw
Weep
Alter
Die
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I am sorry any trouble I have caused .
Anyone who wants to do the exam must tell me by Friday.
ANY “har qanday” “ istalgan” manosida darak gaplarda ishlatiladi .
You can take any bus .They all go to the centre of the town .
Where shall we go now ?Anywhere .I just want to go out .
What would you like to eat ?Anyting .It doesn’t matter
In affirmative –some,somebody ,someone ,something ,somewhere
In negative-any ,anything,anyone,anybody ,anywhere ,no one ,nothing
In interrogative-somone or anyone ,something or anyting ,somewhere or anywhere
Some olmoshi va undan yasalgan olmoshlar ,any olmoshi va undan yasalgan olmoshlar ,no va undan yasalgan somebody,nothing
kabi olmoshlardan keyin birlikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi .Lekin bu olmoshlardan keyin ko’pincha kishilik olmoshlarining birlik shakli
olinadi .
There is something wrong with my car.
Someone has told him about this secret .
Someone has forgotten their umbrella.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
S +have /has been +v +ing –I have been doing /He has been doing
S+have /has not +v+ing –I have not been doing /He has not been doing
Have /has +s +v+ing –Have you been doing /Has he been doing ?
Usage
To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continuous up to the present ,with time expressions
HOW LONG,FOR,SINCE,ALL DAY ,ALL NIGHT .-Present perfect continuous o’tmishda boshlanib hozirga qadar davom etayotgan
biron bir ish harakatning davomiyligiga urg’u berishda ishlatiladi .
Sam has been talking on the phone for half an hour .(he began talking on the phone half an hour ago and he is still talking )
For actions which started in the past and lasted for some time .The action may have finished or may still be going on .The result
of action is visible in the present .
Her feet hurt .she has been walking all morning .(the result of the action is visible in the present –her feet hurt)
Time expresssions :for ,since ,how long ,lately ,recently
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
S+had been +v+ing
S+had not been +v+ing
Had +s +been +v+ing
Usage
To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another past action or a stated time in
the past usually with since or for .-Past perfect continuous o’tmishdagi aytib o’tilgan vaqtdan oldin yoki o’tmishdagi biron bir ish
harakatdan oldin boshlangan va tugagan ish harakatning davomiyligiga urg’u berishda ishlatiladi .
They had been looking for a house for six months before they found one they liked .
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For an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past .-o’tmishda bir qanch muddat davom
etgan va natijasi o’sha paytda ma’lum bo’lgan yoki ko’rinib turgan ish harakatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi .
Last Friday Ron had to fly to New York .His flight was delayed .He was annoyed because he had been waiting at the airport for
three hours.
TIME EXPRESSIONS :for ,since ,how long ,before ,until,
Practise test MODALS
1.My son … be home by now .Where can he be ?
A)have to B)would C)should D)could
2. I think your thumb is broken .You… go to the emergency room.
A)might B)could C)ought to D)have to
3.If you are interested in losing weight ,you … try this new diet.
A)could B)have to C)don’t have to D)had to
4.John has fallen down the stairs!I … call an ambulance!
A)may B)might C)will D)ought to
5.You … come too early .We won’t leave until 9 o’clock
A)have to B)musn’t C)needn’t D)can’t
6.Children … be accompanied by an adult at the zoo .
A)ought to B)must C)had to D)musn’t
7.You … talk during lessons .It is forbidden !
A)don’t have to B)musn’t C)couldn’t D)shouldn’t
8.I can smell the taste of food .We … be near kitchen.
A)can B)would C)must D)have to
9.They …. Hear him because he was whispering
A)wouldn’t B)musn’t C)shouldn’t D)couldn’t
10.You have never listened to fairy tales !You … be serious !
11….. you like to have dinner with me tonight ?
A)could B)may C)should D)would
12.You … let him hear about the party tomorrow .It is a surprise !
A)don’t have to B)shouldn’t C)must D)mustn’t
13…. I speak to the chief cook ,please ?
A)must B)may C)might D)need
14.He has arrived late .He … missed the bus.
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A)should have B)must have C)could have D)must
15.You … have a univercity degree for this job .It is not so necessary .
A)must B)musn’t C)needn’t D)need
16.Perhaps my father … pick me up while he is returning from work
A)have to B)might C)could D)must
17.You … eat anything during classes .It is forbidden .
A)must B)needn’t C)don’t have to D)mustn’t
18.Look at his dirty and worn out clothes .He .. be very poor
A) should B)must C)have to D)can’t
19.The legend of Hercules … be true ,because there are many contradictions.
A)could B)may not C)can’t D)mustn’t
I think you … so hard in order to get higher IELTS score
A)must B)should C)have to D)needn’t
21.You … ( wait) my answer instead of hurrying at that time .
A)must have waited B)had to wait C) should have waited D)shuoldn’t have waited
22.I suggested that Jack …. hire one assistant to help him .
A)must B)should C)could D)had to
23.Don’t take any action now .You … bide your time .
A)must B)have to C)should D)had better
24.The weather is nice now ,so I ….. my coat today.
A)shouldn’t have put on B)needn’t have put on C)didn’t need to D)needn’t
25. You …. break rules and you … obey any road signs in order to be safe .
A)must /have to B)mustn’t /must C)have to /must D)shouldn’t /have to
26.I …. Wear special uniform for my work but I like wearing formal clothes.
A)mustn’t B)need C)don’t have to D)shouldn’t
27.We must finish this project till Sunday so we …. take some action rather than just chatting here .
A) can B)must C)might as well D)had to
28.I have’t seen Mr Smith for ages .He … to other place .
A)must move B)must have moved C)can’t have moved D) may have moved
29.I am so tired that I … easily sleep on a stone bed .
A)can B)could C)can’t D) could have
30. I …. Open the door without any key last night. Because I had lost my keys
A)could B)was able to C)must D)had to
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YOU CAN ALSO DO WHAT OTHERS HAVE DONE.YOU WILL BE THE FIRST IF IT ISN’T DONE BY
OTHERS.JUST TAKE ACTION .IF YOU MANAGE ,YOU WILL BE WINNER .IF YOU LOSE ,YOU
WILL BE EXPERIENCED NOT LOSER
SHALOLA TOJIBOYEVA
MODAL VERBS
CAN – 1. Hozirgi zamon modal fe’li bo’lib ,UDDALAY OLMOQ ,QO’LIDAN KELMOQ
I can also do whatever other people have done .
CAN’T- 2.Hozirgi zamonda aniq faktlar yoki fikrlarga asoslangan mantiqiy hulosani ifodalaydi.
It can’t be true. It is just rumour .
3.Nimanidir so’rab iltimos qilishda ,yoki kishilardan nimanidir so’rab olishda ishlatiladi .
Can you wait a moment ,please
Can I have some sugar ?
COULD-1. O’tgan zamondagi umumiy qobiliyatni ifodalaydi .
I could write very well when I was at school .
2. COULD + SEE ,HEAR ,SMELL ,TASTE, REMEMBER ,UNDERSTAND ,FEEL
As soon as I walked into the room ,I could smell gas
3.Hozirgi zamondagi haqiqat bo’lmagan ish harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi.Bo’rttirish ,tahdid .
I am so thirsty that I could drink one sea
4.Hozirgi kelasi zamonda sodir bo’lishi mumkin bo’lgan ish harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi .=MAY /MIGHT
Where are we going tonight? We could go to the park.
5.Kimdandir nimanidir iltimos qilish yoki so’rab olishda (can singari )
Could you wait a moment please ?
Could I take your pen ?
AM /IS /ARE ABLE TO = CAN IN PRESENT SIMPLE BUT
WAS/WERE ABLE TO –o’tmishdagi ma’lum bir vaziyatda nimanidir uddasidan chiqish
I was able to escape fire when it spread .BUT
My grandfather could play tennis very well .(UMUMIY QOBILIYAT)
COULD HAVE +V3 – o’tmishda biz uddaloy olmaydigan ish harakatlarni bo’rttirib aytganimizda
I was so thirsty that I could have drunk one sea.
COULD HAVE =V3-o’tmishda qaysidir ish harakat sodir bo’lishi mumkin edi lekin bo’lmadi.
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You could have borrowed money from him when you were in need money last week.
COULDN’T HAVE =V3-otmishda sodir bo’lishi mumkin bo’lmagan ish harakatlar uchun .
I couldn’t have gone to the meeting anyway last week because of my illness.
MUST -1. Aniq ishonch bilan qilingan mantiqiy qaror va xulosalarda .
His face is very pale.He must be ill .
Must -2. Nimanidir qilishim kerak .Ish harakatni bajarish yoki bajarmaslikka o’zim qaror qabul qilganimda .
I must go home now .I have a lot of tasks to do . ( bu ma’nosiga ko’ra must Have to ga antonym bo’ladi )
3. Yozma ko’rsatmalarda yoki qoidalarda ishlatiladi .
You must write your answers in ink.
MUST HAVE +V3-o’tgan zamonda nimanidir bo’lishi yoki bo’lmasligini aniq ishonch bilan aytganimizda must
va can’t modal fe’llarining o’tgan zamon shakli sifatida
Jack did the same thing for twenty years . He must have been bored with his job
Jack did different things every time when he worked for that company .He can’t have been bored with his
job.
MUSTN’T –taqiqlangan ish harakatlar uchun .Qilmaslik shart qilish mumkin emas .
You mustn’t break rules .It is prohibited .
Must qilishim shart ,kerak ma’nosida kelganda o’tgan zamon shakliga ega emas .HAD TO ishlatish mumkin.
MAY/MIGHT-mumkin .-hozirgi va kelasi zamonda biron bir ish harakatning sodir bo’lishi
mumkinligini ,ehtimolini ifodalaydi . Inkor shakli may not /might not –mumkin emas
Where is John ? I don’t know .He may /might be at work .He may/might not be at work
May va might ning o’tgan zamon shakli sifatida MAY HAVE +V3 /MIGHT HAVE +V3 ishlatiladi –O’tgan
zamonda bo’lishi mumkin bo’lgan ish harakatlar uchun .
Tohir didn’t come to the party last night .
-He might /may not have heard about it
He may /might have gone abroad on business
MAY AS WELL /MIGHT AS WELL –qilsak ham bo’laveradi ,chunki boshqa muqobil variant yo’q .
We might as well go on foot to our destination .I don’t want to wait another bus for an hour .
HAVE TO –nimanidir qilishim kerak ,qilishimga to’g’ri keladi .Ko’pincha tashqi zaruratni ifodalaydi .
I have to wear glasses for reading .
Inkor shakli don’t yoki doesn’t have to –Bunda qilish shart emas ,hojati yo’q degan ma’noda ishlatiladi.
Qaysidir ish harakatni bajarishim kerak ,qilishim kerak ma’nosida have to modal felining o’tgan zamon
shakli HAD TO bo’lib u o’mishda shu ish harakatni qqilishimga to’g’ri keldi deb tarjima qilinadi .
I had to walk to home yesterday because I missed the bus.
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SHOULD – 1.nimanidir qilish kerak ,bajarsa yaxshi bo’ladi deb tarjima qilinadi va do’stona
maslahatni ifodalaydi.
You should go to the hospital .You are not looking well today .
Inkor shaklida shouldn’t ishlatiladi va hozirgi zamonda u yoki bu ish harakatni qilish yaxshi emas
,qilmasang yaxshi bo’ladi deb tarjima qilinadi .
You shouldn’t interrupt others while they are working or reading .
2.So’zlovchi kutmagan va u noto’g’ri deb bilgan ish harakatlar uchun ham should modal fe’li ishlatiladi .
What are you doing here ,Jane ?You should be in hospital now .
3. So’zlovchi nimanidir sodir bo’lishini kutganida yoki umid qilganida ham should modal fe’lini ishlatamiz .
Lobar has been studying English for three years .She should pass the exam .
O’tgan zamon shakli SHOULD HAVE DONE bo’lib o’tgan zamonda nimanidir qilsang yaxshi bo’lardi degan
ma’noda ishlatiladi.Lekin ushbu ish harakat bajarilmaydi.
You should have finished that task yesterday but you didn’t .
Shouldn’t have +v3-Nimanidir qilmasang yaxshi bo’lardi lekin bajarding.
You shouldn’t have break that pencil .Now I need it .
4.Should subjunctive mood da ham ishlatiladi .
Insist ,recommend ,suggest ,demand ,propose that +should agar should tushib qolsa V1
Important ,essential ,crucial ,necessary ,vital that +should agar should tushib qolsa V1
Strange ,odd ,natural ,typical ,interesting ,surprising +should agar should tushib qolsa V1
HAD BETTER –nimanidir qilish kerak ,agar qilinmasa oqibati yomon bo’lishi mumkin .
It is getting late .I had better go now or I will be late .
Had better bilan should dayarli bir xil ma’noga ega bo’ladi .Nimanidir qilsa yaxshi bo’ladi deb tarjima
qilinadi .Lekin had better da ma’no kuchliroq bo’lib ,unda yomon natijadan ogohlantirish ma’nosida bo’ladi .
You should work hard to finish this project in time .
You had better go now or you will miss the bus .
NEED nimanidir qilish kerak ,zarur deb tarjima qilinadi .Need ham modal fe’l bo’lib ham oddiy fe’l
bo’lib kelishi mumkin .
Modal fe’l
S+need +V1 +object
S+needn’t +V1+object
Need +s +V1+object
Main verb
S +need +to +verb +object
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S+don’t /doesn’t need +to +object
Do/does +s +need +to+object
I need clean my room .It is very untidy .
I need to clean my room .It is very untidy .
Hozirgi zamonda need modal fe’l bo’lib kelganda va oddiy fe’l bo’lib kelganda bir xil ma’noga ega bo’ladi ,
Inkor shaklda kelganda needn’t va don’t /doesn’t need nimadir qilishning zarurati yo’q hojati yo’q deb
tarjima qilinadi .
You need’t go to the meeting today .It is not necessary or you don’t need to go to the meeting
Lekin o’tgan zamonda needn’t have done va didn’t need to do o’rtasida ma’no jihatdan farq bo’ladi .
NEEDN’T HAVE V3o’tgan zamonda biron bir ishni qilishim shart emas ekan lekin bilmagan edim .Bilmasdan
bajardim
I needn’t have waited for Jack yesterday .He had already gone to home .
DIDN’T NEED TO –nimanidir o’tmishda qilishim kerak emas edi shuning uchun qildim yoki qilmadim .Ish
harakatni o’tmishda bajarishim shart emas ekan shuning uchun qilgan bo’lsam ham qilmasam ham buni
ahamiyati yo’q .
I didn’t need to wake up too early so I didn’t wake up .
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